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UNIYGRSITY  Of  CALIFORNIA 
LIBRARY 


THE 


MOUNTAINS 


OF  OREgON 


BY 

W.  G.  STEEL, 

Fellow  of  the  American  Geographical  Society. 


PORTLAND,  OREGON: 

DAVID  STEEL,  SUCCESSOR  TO  HIMES  THE  PRINTER, 

169%  Second  Street. 
1890. 


COPYRIGHT,  1889,  BY  W.  G.  STEEL. 


•       r    e       •       »e       »     «• » 

•  •••••«•••     • 

«...    «/r    *.••  •       »    •• 


PREFACE. 


This  little  volume  has  not  been  written  with  the 
expectation  of  accomplishing  a  mission,  or  even  attract- 
ing general  attention,  but  simply  to  put  into  permanent 
form  a  small  portion  of  information  that  is  constantly 
appearing  in  newspaper  articles.  Such  information 
usually  comes  from  abler  pens  than  mine,  but  it  is  all  the 
more  pity  that  it  is  not  in  proper  shape  for  future  use. 
If  it  amuses,  entertains  or  instructs  those  who  peruse  it, 
its  aim  will  be  accomplished,  and  its  author  satisfied. 

There  is,  however,  a  word  of  explanation  due  for  the 
manner  in  which  it  is  arranged.  It  was  not  begun  with 
the  intention  of  publishing  a  book,  but  in  response  to 
numerous  requests  received  for  descriptions  of  Crater 
Lake  and  Mt.  Hood.  As  it  was  impossible  at  the  time  to 
answer  them  satisfactorily,  it  was  decided  to  print  a  letter 
on  each  subject,  and  issue  as  a  small  pamphlet.  Before 
this  was  accomplished  the  discovery  was  made  that  the 
space  allotted  was  entirely  inadequate,  so,  acting  on  the 
advice  of  friends,  this  form  was  adopted ;  too  late,  how- 
ever, to  prevent  the  present  arrangement. 

W.  G.  S. 


396414 


PAGE 

Crater  Lake 12  - 

Exploration  Department,  Oregon  Alpine  Club 73 

Game  Protective  Department,  Oregon  Alpine  Club..  77 

Illumination  of  Mount  Hood 3 

Josephine  County  Caves :>4 

Mount  Rainier -~>5  t 

Night  on  the  Summit  of  Mount  Rainier 43 

Oregon  Alpine  Club «>7 

Oregon  Alpine  Club,  Constitution <J9 

Oregon  Bibliography. 85 

Our  Mountains  in  War 40 

Photographic  Department,  Oregon  Alpine  Club 79 

Preface I 

Presidents  of  the  Oregon  Alpine  Club 82 

Statement  of  Rev.  Peter  Stanup 57 

Thoughts  on  the  name  Tacoma 59 

Topical  Index , 109 

What  They  Signify 52 


OF 


OUNT  Hood  is  Iccated  in  the  Cascade  range 
in  Oregon,  twenty-five  miles  south  of  the  Co- 
lumbia river.  It  is  about  twelve  thousand  feet  high, 
and  is  visible  over  a  large  part  of  the  State.  Above  an 
elevation  of  five  thousand  feet  it  is  covered  with  per- 
petual snow.  It  stands  sixty  miles  east  of  Portland,  a 
monument  of  beauty,  and  the  pride  of  Oregon.  In  the 
spring  of  1885  the  idea  originated  of  illuminating  it 
with  red  fire.  An  effort  was  made  to  carry  this  into 
effect  on  the  following  4th  of  July,  but  failed  for  the 
reason  that,  instead  of  staying  with  it  over  night,  a 
system  of  clock  work  and  acids  was  devised,  which  was 
perfectly  willing  to  do  the  work  assigned,  but  an  ugly 
avalanche  came  along  at  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
broke  the  bottles  of  acid  and  set  the  whole  thing 
ablaze.  In  1887,  the  Celebration  Committee  of  Port- 
land, decided  to  make  the  trial,  and  placed  the  matter 
in  charge  of  the  writer,  who  was  accompanied  by 
N.  W.  Durham,  correspondent  of  the  Oregonian,  O. 
C.  Yocum,  photographer,  Dr.  J.  M.  Keene,  J.  M. 
Breck,  Jr.,  C.  H.  Gove  and  Chas.  F.  Adams.  More 
agreeable,  determined  and  competent  associates  I  never 
met.  Breck  was  a  cripple,  finding  it  necessary  at  all 
times  to  walk  with  a  ciutch,  yet,  a  better  mountain 
climber  is  hard  to  find. 


4 

Everything  being  placed  in  readiness,  we  left  Port- 
land at  6  o'clock  A.  M.,  Friday  July  1st,  and  reached 
Government  Camp  at  5  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of 
the  second.  From  this  point,  the  mountain  rises  to 
the  north  in  all  its  beauty  and  grandeur,  with  timber 
line  apparently  within  a  few  rods,  instead  of  four 
miles,  the  actual  distance.  Here  the  wagons  were  left, 
and  two  horses  were  packed  with  blankets  and  provi- 
sions, and  our  journey  was  resumed  as  soon  as  possible. 
It  was  necessary  to  cross  two  small  streams,  over  both 
of  which  the  bridges  had  fallen,  so  we  were  compelled 
to  carry  logs  and  fill  in  until  it  was  possible  to  get  the 
horses  over.  About  nine  o'clock,  finding  that  we 
could  not  reach  timber  line,  it  was  decided  to  camp  on 
some  friendly  rocks  near  at  hand.  Here  we  found 
the  trees  thickly  covered  with  a  long,  dry  moss,  which 
afforded  excitement  for  the  evening,  for,  no  sooner 
had  the  inner  man's  longings  been  supplied,  than 
lighted  matches  were  applied  to  the  moss,  which 
blazed  furiously  until  it  died  out  in  the  distance,  sim- 
ply for  the  want  of  material.  The  scene,  while  it  lasted, 
was  indeed  brilliant,  and  accompanied  by  a  roar  that 
seemed  but  the  echo  of  thunder.  Already  exhausted, 
after  three  hours  plodding  through  snow  knee  deep, 
we  sank  to  rest  and  slept  soundly  until  four  o'clock. 
At  five  we  were  on  our  way,  somewhat  surprised  to  see 
that  the  snow  remained  as  soft  as  on  the  evening  before. 
In  addition  to  the  difficulty  of  sinking  each  step  nearly 
to  our  knees,  each  man  was  loaded  with  fifty  pounds  of 
blankets,  provisions  or  red  fire,  while  three  tugged  sav- 


5 

agely  at  a  heavily  loaded  toboggan.  At  noon  we 
lunched  at  timber  line.  It  was  hardly  a  sumptuous 
repast,  but  answered  every  requirement,  there  being 
canned  Boston  brown  bread  and  beef  tea,  mixed  \*  ith 
snow  and  seasoned  with  smoke.  Not  a  dainty  dish, 
to  be  sure,  but  "  the  best  the  market  afforded."  After 
lunch  we  dragged  our  weary  way  along,  among  other 
difficulties  encountering  a  bitter  cold  wind,,  blowing 
directly  from  the  summit  with  fearful  velocity.  Slower 
and  slower  we  moved,  until  three  o'clock,  when  two 
men  fell  in  their  tracks  utterly  exhausted.  Here 
was  a  "  pretty  kettle  of  fish."  Barely  seven  thousand 
feet  up,  with  five  thousand  feet  more  above,  and 
only  one  day  in  which  to  climb.  It  was  finally  decided 
to  make  camp  on  the  nearest  rocks,  abandon  all  idea 
of  reaching  the  summit,  then,  on  the  day  following, 
find  the  best  place  possible  for  the  illumination.  Two 
thousand  feet  above  timber  line  we  camped  on  rocks, 
over  which  the  cold  wind  swept,  penetrating  to  the 
very  marrow.  Of  course  it  was  impossible  to  have  a 
fire,  and  at  night  it  was  necessary  to  pile  large  stones 
on  our  blankets  to  keep  them  from  sailing  down  the 
mountain.  Hats  and  a  few  other  things  were  anchored 
in  like  manner. 

The  "  Glorious  Fourth  "  was  ushered  in,  clear  and 
cold,  while  a  patriot  in  the  party,  not  to  be  outdone 
by  Uncle  Sam,  saluted  the  rising  sun  with  a  deafening 
round  of  fire  cracker  artillery.  At  five  o'clock  we 
started  on  our  upward  march.  Every  thing  was  left 
behind  except  one  hundred  pounds  of  red  fire,  three 


6 

overcoats  and  a  few  crackers.  At  11:30  A.  M.,  bare 
rocks  were  found  to  the  west  of  the  summit,  in  what 
was  considered  a  good  location,  and  at  an  altitude  of 
about  ten  thousand  feet.  Here  our  burdens  were  cast 
at  the  foot  of  the  cliff,  and  all  hands,  except  Keene 
and  myself,  returned  to  Government  Camp.  By  noon 
the  wind  had  died  down  entirely,  and  the  day  becime 
very  pleasant.  While  waiting  at  this  lonely  station 
for  the  appointed  hour  of  illumination,  a  panorama 
was  spread  before  us,  of  a  scope  and  magnificence  that 
cannot  be  appropriately  described,  but  must  be  seen 
to  be  appreciated.  Yes,  and  it  remains  for  those  who 
love  the  beautiful  and  grand  sufficiently  to  scale  moun- 
tains, to  toil  on  day  after  day,  patiently  waiting  for 
the  time  that  is  sure  to  come,  when  the  glorious  pages 
of  Nature  will  be  unrolled  before  them.  Then, 

"It  seems  by  the  pain  of  ascending  the  height, 
We  had  conquered  a  claim  to  that  wonderful  sight." 

The  scene  embraces  millions  of  acres  of  land  in 
Eastern  Oregon,  extending  from  the  Cascades  to  the 
Blue  mountains,  a  distance  of  over  one  hundred  and 
fifty  miles.  The  entire  range  of  the  Cascades  lies  be- 
fore us,  showing  the  foothills  of  both  Eastern  and 
Western  Oregon,  and  the  increase  in  height  toward 
the  center.  For  miles  upon  miles  to  the  south,  cross 
ranges,  running  from  east  to  west  seem  piled  one  upon 
the  other,  and  to  their  tops  is  added  a  covering  of  snow, 
changing  the  solemn,  otherwise  unbroken,  dark  green, 
to  a  variegated  picture,  not  only  of  grandeur,  but 
beauty.  To  the  left  of  the  centre  stands  Jefferson, 


7 

similar  to  Hood  as  seen  from  Portland.  Next  come 
the  Three  Bisters  to  the  left  of  Jefferson,  while  still 
further  stands  Snow  Butte.  Almost  in  front  of  Jeffer- 
son is  Washington,  while  to  the  right  McLaughlin 
looms  up  in  southern  Oregon,  two  hundred  and  fifty 
miles  distant.  Changing  the  view  to  western  Ore- 
gon, we  see  Mary's  Peak  over  one  hundred  miles  south- 
west. The  Willamette  valley  can  be  seen  through  its 
entire  extent  of  many  miles,  while  here  and  there  we 
catch  glimpses  of  the  river  flowing  on  to  the  lordly  Co- 
lumbia. Along  the  western  horizon  extends  the  Coast 
Range,  while  in  one  little  spot  the  mountains  break 
way  and  give  us  a  vista  of  the  ocean.  In  the  imme- 
diate foreground  lies  the  base  of  old  Hood,  white  with 
snow  for  five  thousand  feet  below  us.  To  witness  a 
scene  like  this  many  a  man  would  circle  the  globe  ; — 
and  yet,  imagine  a  sunset  upon  it.  At  5  :30  p.  M.  clouds 
drifted  from  the  north  and  hung  on  the  points  of 
the  range  a  mile  below.  Slowly  the  sun  sank  to  rest, 
while  the  clouds  hovering  over  the  western  horizon 
became  brighter  and  brighter,  until  it  seemed  that 
the  very  gates  of  heaven  were  thrown  wide  open,  and 
over  a  scene  of  unrivaled  grandeur  was  spread  another 
of  marvelous  magnificence.  As  if  Nature  was  not  even 
yet  satisfied  with  such  dazzling  beauty,  suddenly  the 
smoke  that  had  gathered  far  below  us,  shutting  out 
the  great  Columbia,  was  drawn  aside  and  the  waters 
of  that  river  seemed,  through  the  thin  smoke  re- 
maining, like  a  stream  of  molten  gold,  visible  in  an 
unbroken  line,  winding  from  the  mountain  to  the  sea 


8 

a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles.  Then,  too, 
as  we  looked,  just  beneath  the  setting  sun,  the  Pacific 
ocean  came  to  view,  while  the  sun  was  setting  in  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia,  reflecting  its  ruddy  glare  in 
the  ocean  and  river  at  one  and  the  same  time.  To 
the  right  could  be  seen  Cape  Disappointment,  while 
to  the  left  Point  Adams  showed  with  equal  clear- 
ness. So  closed  the  day  and  the  night  came  on. 

Far  above  the  few  clouds  that  lurked  beneath  us, 
threatening  the  success  of  our  experiment,  the  atmos- 
phere was  so  perfectly  clear  that  we  thought  its  equal 
had  never  been  seen.  Promptly  with  the  departing 
day  the  full  moon  arose  in  all  its  beauty,  changing 
the  day's  brilliance  to  a  subdued  halo  of  glory.  About 
seven  o'clock  the  wind  blew  furiously,  almost  carry- 
ing us  from  the  rocks  to  the  snow  beneath.  Although 
clad  for  a  land  of  wintry  blasts,  it  was  necessary  to 
pace  back  and  forth,  swinging  our  arms  and  jumping 
to  keep  warm.  At  eight  o'clock  the  wind  died  down, 
and  we  became  comfortable  without  exercise.  Our 
spirits  were  low,  however,  for  it  seemed  that  the  entire 
country  was  covered  with  a  thick  veil  of  smoke,  and 
our  labor  was  to  be  in  vain.  Suddenly  at  9:30  we  saw 
a  red  light  in  the  direction  of  Portland.  It  was  the 
signal  for  a  complete  revolution  in  our  feelings.  We 
danced  for  joy.  Yes,  we  screamed  and  halloed  until 
we  were  hoarse.  Did  all  sorts  of  silly  things,  for 
now  we  knew  our  fire  would  be  seen.  Following  the 
first  light  came  another,  and  still  others,  and  in  our 
mad  excitement  we  took  a  handful  of  red  fire  and 
burned  it  on  a  rock.  "  Thereby  hangs  a  tale." 


9 

The  members  of  our  party  at  Government  camp 
were  gathered  around  a  cheerful  fire  telling  bear 
stories  and  waiting  patiently  for  the  appointed  time, 
when  they  were  startled  by  a  brilliant  light  from  the 
mountain,  showing  through  the  trees  in  front  of  them. 
Instantly  they  scattered,  every  member  forgetting 
his  companions  in  a  wTild  scramble  for  a  good  view. 
In  this  sudden  stampede,  one  member,  who  is  hard 
of  hearing,  climbed  a  tree,  where  he  remained  until 
the  others  began  to  assemble.  As  one  of  the  drivers, 
a  hardy  son  of  Erin,  passed  the  tree  and  heard  a  rust- 
ling in  the  branches,  he  glanced  up,  saw  a  large,  dark 
object,  took  it  for  a  bear  and  gave  the  alarm.  In- 
stantly all  hands  gathered  around  the  tree,  every  one 
armed  with  a  club,  which  he  swung  like  the  arms  of 
a  windmill,  at  the  same  time  shouting  for  some  one 
else  to  get  a  gun.  The  man  up  a  tree,  not  understand- 
ing why  the  commotion  should  extend  so  long  after 
the  burning  of  red  fire,  started  to  go  down,  but,  was 
met  with  such  a  lively  rain  of  clubs  that  he  beat  a 
precipitate  retreat.  At  this  point,  a  gun  arrived  and 
every  fellow  wanted  to  shoot  the  bear.  Bruin,  at  last 
comprehending  the  situation,  chimed  in  with:  "  You 
fellows  let  up  with  your  durned  foolishness,  will  you." 

Soon  after  the  red  fire  and  rockets  at  Portland 
were  noticed,  others  were  seen  at  Prineville,  seventy- 
five  miles  to  the  southeast,  and  also  at  Vancouver, 
W.  T.  These  were  watched  with  the  most  intense 
interest,  until  the  time  arrived  to  make  our  own  novel 
show.  The  red  fire  was  placed  in  a  narrow  ridge 


10 

about  ten  feet  long,  and  at  right  angles  with  Portland. 
Holding  my  watch  before  me,  promptly  at  11:30  we 
applied  the  match  with  the  result  as  shown  by  the 
following  account  in  the  Oregonian  of  the  next  day  : 

"The  celebration  closed  with  the  illumination  of 
Mount  Hood,  the  grandest  and  most  unique  event  of 
the  day.  Precisely  at  11:30,  the  time  appointed,  just  as 
the  fireworks  display  was  over,  a  bright  red  light  shone 
away  up  in  the  clouds  above  the  eastern  horizon, 
which  was  greeted  with  cheers  from  the  thousands 
congregated  on  the  bridge,  wharves,  roofs,  boats  on  the 
river  and  on  the  hills  back  of  town,  and  with  vigorous 
and  long-continued  whistling  from  every  steamboat 
on  the  river. 

"  The  mountain  had  been  plainly  visible  all  day, 
but  toward  evening  a  curtain  of  mist  and  smoke  shut 
off  the  view  at  the  base,  and  as  twilight  fell,  the  cur- 
tain rose  higher  till  at  last  only  the  very  peak  could 
be  seen,  and  as  night  came  on,  even  that  disappeared 
from  view.  Many  gave  up  all  hope  of  seeing  any 
sign  from  the  mountain.  But  many  thought  that  the 
obstructions  to  a  view  of  the  summit  were  very  slight, 
and  if  the  party  had  reached  the  peak,  the  light  from 
one  hundred  pounds  of  red  fire  would  be  able  to  pierce 
through  them,  and  so  it  proved.  It  lasted  exactly 
fifty-eight  seconds.  This  was  the  most  novel  and 
the  highest  illumination  ever  made,  and  was  seen 
•the  farthest  and  formed  a  fitting  close  to  the  celebra- 
tion of  1887." 

Immediately  after   the   illumination  we    started 


11 

down  the  mountain,  following  our  previous  trail  in 
the  snow.  Just  after  midnight,  while  lunging  through 
the  snow,  we  suddenly  lost  our  footing  and  were  no 
little  astonished  to  find  that  we  had  fallen  into  a  cre- 
vasse. It  proved  narrow  and  shallow,  however,  and 
all  things  considered,  we  extricated  ourselves  with  re- 
markable celerity  and  passed  on  down  the  mountain 
side,  only  to  get  lost  in  the  timber  below,  and  wander 
around  until  daylight,  when  we  found  camp  and  soon 
after  were  homeward  bound. 


ONE  OF  THE  WORLD'S  GREAT  NATURAL  WONDERS. 

(JV  TRIP  to  Crater  Lake  is,  to  a  lover  of  the  grand 
^^  and  beautiful  in  nature,  an  important  event, 
around  which  will  ever  cluster  memories  of  unal- 
loyed happiness,  thoughts  of  little  adventures  and 
weird  experiences  that  go  to  make  life  worth  living. 
It  is  situated  in  the  northwest  portion  of  Klamath 
county,  Oregon,  twenty-two  miles  west  of  north  of 
Fort  Klamath,  and  about  eighty  miles  northeast  of 
Medford,  which  is  the  best  point  to  leave  the  Oregon  & 
California  railroad.  The  Jack  sonville  and  Fort  Klam- 
ath military  road  passes  the  lake  within  three  miles, 
and  the  road  to  the  very  walls  of  it  is  an  exceptionally 
good  one  for  a  mountainous  country,  while  in  near 
proximity  may  be  found  remarkably  fine  camping 
grounds. 

The  Indians  of  Southern  Oregon  have  known 
of  it  for  ages,  but  until  recently  none  have  seen  it,  for 
the  reason  that  a  tradition,  handed  down  from  gen- 
eration to  generation,  described  it  as  the  home  of 
myriads  of  sea-devils,  or,  as  they  were  called,  Llaos ; 
and  it  was  considered  oertain  death  for  any  brave 
even  to  look  upon  it.  This  superstition  still  haunts 
the  Klamaths.  While  a  few  of  the  tribe  have  visited 


13 

it,  they  do  so  with  a  sort  of  mysterious  dread  of  the 
consequences.  It  was  discovered  by  a  party  of  twelve 
prospectors  on  June  12th,  1853,  among  whom  were  J. 
W.  Hillman,  George  Ross,  James  Louden,  Pat  He- 
Man  us,  Isaac  Skeeters  and  a  Mr.  Dodd.  These  had 
left  the  main  party,  and  were  not  looking  for  gold,  hut 
having  run  short  of  provisions,  were  seeking  where- 
withal to  stay  the  gnawing  sensations  that  had  seized 
upon  their  stomachs.  For  a  time  hunger  forsook  thenij 
as  they  stood  in  silent  amazement  upon  the  cliffs, 
and  drank  in  the  awe  of  the  scene  stretched  before 
them.  After  partaking  of  the  inspiration  fostered 
by  such  weird  grandeur,  they  decided  to  call  it  Mys- 
terious, or  Deep  Blue  Lake.  It  was  subsequently  called 
Lake  Majesty,  and  by  being  constantly  referred  to 
as  a  crater  lake,  it  gradually  assumed  that  name,  which 
is  within  itself  so  descriptive. 

At  times  when  gazing  from  the  surrounding  wall,  ^—  ..A 
the  skies  and  cliffs  are  seen  perfectly  mirrored  in  the 
smooth  and  glassy  surface  over  which  the  mountain 
breeze  creates  scarce  a  ripple,  and  it  is  with  great 
difficulty  the  eye  can  distinguish  the  line  dividing 
the  cliffs  from  their  reflected  counterfeits.  The  lake 
is  almost  egg-shaped,  ranging  northeast  by  southwest 
and  is  seven  miles  long  by  six  in  width.  The  water's 
surface  is  six  thousand  two  hundred  and  fifty-one  feet 
above  sea  level,  and  is  completely  surrounded  by 
cliffs,  or  walls,  from  one  thousand  to  over  two  thous- 
and feet  high,  which  are  scantily  covered  with  conifer- 
ous trees.  To  the  southwest  is  Wizard  Island,  eight 


14 

hundred  and  forty-five  feet  high,  circular  in  shape, 
and  slightly  covered  with  timber.  In  the  top  is  a 
depression,  or  crater— the  Witches'  Cauldron — one 
hundred  feet  deep  and  four  hundred  and  seventy- 
five  feet  in  diameter.  This  was  evidently  the  last 
smoking  chimney  of  a  once  mighty  volcano.  The  base 
of  the  island  is  covered  with  very  heavy  and  hard 
rocks,  with  sharp  and  unworn  edges,  over  which 
scarcely  a  score  of  human  feet  have  trod.  Farther  up 
are  deep  beds  of  ashes,  and  light,  spongy  rocks  and 
cinders,  giving  evidence  of  intense  heat.  Within  the 
crater,  as  without,  the  surface  is  entirely  covered  with 
volcanic  rocks,  but  here  it  forms  one  of  the  hottest 
places  on  a  clear  day  in  August,  it  has  ever  been 
my  lot  to  witness.  Not  a  breath  of  air  seems  to  enter, 
and  the  hot  sun  pours  down  upon  thousands  of  rocks 
and  stones  that  reflect  his  rays  with  an  intensity  that 
stems  to  multiply  beyond  conception.  Here,  however, 
we  determined  to  lunch— and  did—  but  one  such  exper- 
ience will  last  a  long  time.  Directly  north  of  the 
island  is  Llao  Rock,  a  grand  old  sentinel,  standing 
boldly  out  on  the  west  side  of  the  lake  and  reaching 
up  over  two  thousand  feet  perpendicular.  From  the 
top  of  it  you  can  drop  a  stone  and  it  will  pass  down 
and  grow  smaller  and  smaller,  until  your  head  begins 
to  swim  and  you  see  the  stone  become  a  mere  speck, 
and  fade  entirely  from  view;  and  at  last,  nearly  half  a 
mile  below,  it  strikes  the  unruffled  surface  of  the  water 
and  sinks  forever  from  sight  in  the  depth  of  a  bottom- 
less lake. 


15 

There  is  probably  no  point  of  interest  in  America 
that  so  completely  overcomes  the  ordinary  Indian 
with  fear  as  Crater  Lake.  From  time  immemorial, 
no  power  has  been  strong  enough  to  induce  him  to 
approach  within  sight  of  it.  For  a  paltry  sum  he  will 
engage  to  guide  you  thither,  but,  before  you  reach  the 
mountain  top,  will  leave  you  to  proceed  alone.  To  the 
savage  mind  it  is  clothed  with  a  deep  veil  of  mys- 
tery, and  is  the  abode  of  all  manner  of  demons  and 
unshapely  monsters.  Once  inhabited  by  the  Great 
Spirit,  it  has  now  become  the  sheol  of  modern  times, 
and  it  is  certain  death  for  any  proud  savage  to  be- 
hold it.  This  feeling  has,  to  a  certain  extent,  instilled 
itself  in  the  mind  of  such  whites  as  have  made  it 
their  Mecca,  until  eveiy  stray  log  that  floats  upon 
the  water  is  imagined  to  possess  life,  and  may  possibly 
be  a  monster.  Exaggerated  accounts  of  different 
points  have  been  given  and  implicitly  believed  without 
a  question  or  reflection.  It  has  been  claimed  that  the 
crater  was  eight  hundred  feet  deep,  while  by  actual 
measurement  we  found  it  to  be  scarcely  a  hundred. 
The  island  was  said  to  be  fifteen  hundred  feet  high, 
but  an  accurate  measurement  placed  it  at  just  eight 
hundred  and  forty-five  feet. 

From  Allen  Davey,  Chief  of  the  Klamath  tribe,  I 
gleaned  the  following  in  reference  to  the  discovery  of 
Crater  Lake : 

A  long  time  ago,  long  before  the  white  man  ap- 
peared in  this  region  to  vex  and  drive  the  proud  native 
out,  a  band  of  Klamaths,  while  out  hunting,  came 


16 

suddenly  upon  the  lake  and  were  startled  by  its  re- 
markable walls  and  awed  by  its  majestic  proportions. 
With  spirits  subdued  and  trembling  with  fear,  they 
silently  approached  and  gazed  upon  its  face ;  some- 
thing within  told  them  the  Great  Spirit  dwelt  there, 
and  they  dared  not  remain,  but  passed  silently  down 
the  side  of  the  mountain  and  camped  far  away.  By 
some  unaccountable  influence,  however,  one  brave  was 
induced  to  return.  He  went  up  to  the  very  brink  of 
the  precipice  and  started  his  camp  fire.  Here  he  laid 
down  to  rest;  here  he  slept  till  morn — slept  till  the 
sun  was  high  in  air,  then  arose  and  joined  his  tribe 
far  down  the  mountain.  At  night  he  came  again  ; 
again  he  slept  till  morn.  Each  visit  bore  a  charm  that 
drew  him  back  again.  Each  night  found  him  sleeping 
above  the  rocks ;  each  night  strange  voices  arose  from 
the  waters  ;  mysterious  noises  filled  the  air.  At  last, 
after  a  great  many  moons,  he  climbed  down  to  the 
lake  and  there  he  bathed  and  spent  the  night.  Often 
he  climbed  down  in  like  manner,  and  frequently 
saw  wonderful  animals,  similar  in  all  respects  to  a 
Klamath  Indian,  except  that  they  seemed  to  exist 
entirely  in  the  water.  He  suddenly  became  hardier 
and  stronger  than  any  Indian  of  his  tribe  because 
of  his  many  visits  to  the  mysterious  waters.  Others 
then  began  to  seek  its  influence.  Old  warriors  sent 
their  sons  for  strength  and  courage  to  meet  the 
conflicts  awaiting  them.  First,  they  slept  on  the 
rocks  above,  then  ventured  to  the  water's  edge,  but 
last  of  all  they  plunged  beneath  the  flood  and  the 


17 

coveted  strength  was  theirs.  On  one  occasion,  the 
brave  who  first  visited  the  lake,  killed  a  monster,  or 
fish,  and  was  at  once  set  upon  by  untold  numbers  of 
excited  Llaos  (for  such  they  were  called),  who  carried 
him  to  the  top  of  the  cliffs,  cut  his  throat  with  a 
stone  knife,  then  tore  his  body  in  small  pieces, 
which  were  thrown  down  to  the  waters  far  beneath, 
where  he  was  devoured  by  the  angry  Llaos — and  such 
shall  be  the  fate  of  every  Klamath  brave,  who,  from 
that  day  to  this,  dares  to  look  upon  the  lake. 

My  first  visit  to  Crater  Lake  was  in  1885,  at 
which  time  the  thought  was  suggested  by  Capt.  C.  E. 
Dutton,  of  having  the  lake  and  environs  drawn  from 
the  market.  Promptly  acting  on  the  suggestion,  my 
friend,  Hon.  Binger  Hermann,  was  sought  and  a 
movement  started  looking  to  the  formation  of  a  Na- 
tional Park.  In  response  to  a  petition  forwarded  to 
Washington  and  ably  advocated  by  Congressman 
Hermann,  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  under 
Capt.  Dutton,  was  ordered  to  examine  the  lake  and  sur- 
roundings during  ths  summer  of  1886.  In  this  expedi- 
tion it  was  my  good  fortune  to  have  charge  of  the 
sounding,  which  afforded  me  a  pleasure  unsurpassed 
in  all  my  mountain  experience. 

That  an  idea  may  be  had  of  the  difficulties  to  be 
overcome,  suffice  it  to  say,  boats  had  to  be  built  for 
the  purpose  in  Portland,  transported  to  Ashland, 
three  hundred*  and  forty-one  miles  by  rail,  and  carried 
from  there  to  the  lake  on  wagons,  one  hundred  miles 


18 

into  the  inouo tains,  where  they  were  launched  over 
cliffs  one  thousand  feet  high. 

On  the  first  day  of  July,  I  boarded  the  train  for 
Ashland,  where  I  met  Capt.  Button,  and  we  were 
joined  immediately  afterward  by  Capt.  Geo.  W.  Davis, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  engineers  of  America,  and  ten 
soldiers.  On  the  7th,  we  started  for  the  lake,  preceded 
by  Capts.  Button  and  Bavis,  who  were  followed  by 
a  four  mule  team,  bearing  a  first-class  lap  streak 
boat,  which  in  turn  was  followed  by  three  double 
teams,  horsemen  and  pack  train.  Of  our  largest  boat, 
the  Cleetwood,  we  all  felt  justly  proud,  as  it  was  cer- 
tainly a  beautiful  model,  four-oared,  twenty -six  feet 
long  and  competent  to  ride  almost  any  sea. 

When  passing  through  Phcenix,  the  typical  and 
irrepressible  critic  came  to  the  surface,  in  the  shape  of 
a  lean,  lank,  awkward,  ignorant  country  boy  of,  say, 
eighteen  summers.  With  hands  in  his  pockets,  he 
aided  the  single  suspender  delegated  to  hold  his 
breeches  in  place,  and  when  shifting  a  monstrous  chew 
of  tobacco  over  his  tongue,  informed  his  audience 
(of  half  a  dozen  small  urchins)  that  "That  'ere  boat 
won't  live  in  Crater  Lake  half  an  hour  if  a  storm 
comes  up.  It  ain't  shaped  right.  Jist  see  for  yourself 
how  sway-backed  it  is.  It  must  have  been  made  by 
some  feller  as  never  seed  a  boat  afore."  This  brings 
to  mind  the  fact  that  a  critic  is  a  person  who  finds 
fault  with  something  of  which  he  is  densely  ignorant. 

The  entire  distance  from  Ashland — ninety-seven 
miles — was  accomplished  by  slow,  easy  marches,  every 


19 

precaution  being  taken  to  provide  against  a  mishap, 
and  no  incident  occurred  of  special  importance.  Soon 
after  reaching  the  foothills,  we  encountered  sliding 
places  and  short  turns  in  the  road.  As  the  wagon 
containing  the  Cleetwood  was  top  heavy  and  coupled 
twenty  feet  long,  it  was  impossible  to  turn  on  an 
ordinary  curve,  hence  it  became  necessary  at  times 
to  drive  as  far  as  possible,  then  let  ten  or  fifteen  men 
lift  the  hind  end  of  the  wagon  around  by  main 
strength.  When  a  sidling  place  was  reached,  the 
men  would  hang  on  the  upper  side,  or  attach  ropes 
to  the  top  and  hold  it,  thus  preventing  an  upset. 
On  Tuesday  we  succeeded  in  reaching  the  foot  of  the 
last  grade,  and  on  Wednesday  morning  began  the 
ascent.  Here  was  the  rub.  The  hill  is  about  a  mile 
and  a  half  long,  very  steep,  sideling,  rocky,  and  filled 
with  roots  and  stones,  added  to  which  were  great 
banks  of  snow,  packed  solid  by  constant  thawing. 
Progress  was  slow  and  tedious,  a  roadway  having  to  be 
cut  in  places,  while  men  with  picks,  axes  and  shovels 
dug  up  rocks,  cut  down  trees  and  shoveled  snow,  be- 
sides building  up  or  cutting  down  one  side  of  the  road- 
way. At  10  o'clock  on  Wednesday  the  14th,  the  boats 
were  landed  on  the  walls  of  the  lake,  having  trav- 
eled four  hundred  and  forty  miles  from  Portland, 
with  scarcely  a  scratch  to  mar  the  paint. 

Thursday  morning  the  work  of  launching  was 
commenced  by  covering  the  bottom  of  each  skiff  with 
inch  boards,  firmly  secured,  as  also  a  shield  in  front 
of  the  bow.  They  were  carried  to  the  lowest  phice 


20 

to  be  found  in  the  cliffs,  probably  about  nine  hundred 
feet,  vertical  measurement,  where  a  canyon  descends 
at  an  angle  of  thirty-five  or  forty  degrees,  when  a  three- 
quarter  inch  rope  was  attached  and  in  turn  passed 
around  a  tree  on  the  summit,  where  a  man  was  sta- 
tioned to  manage  it,  directed  by  signals  below.  One 
was  lowered  at  a  time,  accompanied  by  four  men 
to  guide  and  handle  it.  Besides  this,  men  were  sta- 
tioned at  different  points  to  signal  to  the  top,  and  thus 
regulate  the  paying  out  of  rope.  Every  effort  was 
made  to  send  all  loqse  stones  on  ahead,  to  prevent  acci- 
dent from  above,  yet,  before  the  first  boat  had  pro- 
ceeded three  hundred  feet  in  its  descent,  a  boulder 
came  rolling  from  near  the  summit  with  increasing 
velocity,  and  before  any  one  realized  the  danger,  had 
struck  a  rock  in  near  proximity  and  bounded  over 
the  skiff,  passed  between  the  men  and  within  an  inch 
of  one  fellow's  head.  Before  the  descent  was  com- 
pleted, the  boards  were  torn  from  the  first  boat ;  but 
extra  precaution  was  taken  with  the  second  one. 
About  two-thirds  of  the  way  down  a  perfect  shower 
of  rocks  came  tumbling  from  a  cliff  to  the  left,  but, 
strange  as  it  may  seem,  they  either  bounded  over  or 
around  the  men  and  boat,  so  that  no  damage  resulted. 
At  three  o'clock  the  first  skiff  reached  bottom  some- 
what scratched,  but  not  injured  in  any  manner.  The 
second  one  was  placed  in  the  lake  entirely  uninjured 
at  six  o'clock  p.  M. 

Our  tents  were  pitched  in  a  beautiful  spot.     In  the 
immediate  foreground  to  the  north  lies  the  lake  with 


21 

its  twenty  odd  miles  of  rugged  cliffd  standing  abruptly 
from  the  water's  edge.  To  the  left  is  Wizard  Island, 
on  the  top  of  which  rests  the  Witch's  Cauldron,  or 
crater,  like  a  great  flat  top ;  beyond  stands  Llao  Bock, 
solemn,  grim  and  grand,  over  two  thousand  feet 
perpendicular,  while  still  beyond  stands  Mt.  Thielsen, 
the  lightning  rod  of  the  Cascades.  Just  to  the  east 
of  the  lake  is  Mt.  Scott,  partly  covered  with  snow, 
while  close  to  the  camp  on  the  east,  is  a  high  cliff 
known  as  Cathedral  Rock,  running  far  down  to  the 
right  and  at  last  disappearing  below  the  tree  tops. 
To  the  south  the  scene  was  varied  by  a  wide  range  of 
mountain  tops,  stretching  far  away  to  California,  chief 
among  which  is  snow-capped  'and  beautiful  Pitt. 
Just  to  the  left  the  rough  mountain  view  is  changed 
to  a  charming  plain,  in  the  midst  of  which  is  a  broad 
expanse  of  water,  which  proves  to  be  Klamath  Lake, 
about  thirty  miles  distant.  Thursday  evening,  dark 
and  threatening  clouds  were  suddenly  seen  to  approach 
from  this  point,  accompanied  by  vivid  flashes  of  light- 
ning and  loud  peals  of  thunder.  A  few  large  drops  of 
rain  had  fallen,  when  there  was  a  sudden  outburst  of 
joy  in  camp,  as  every  one  glanced  at  the  sides  of 
Cathedral  Rock,  which  were  suddenly  illuminated  by 
a  light  of  deep  orange.  To  the  west,  the  sun  was 
slowly  sinking  to  rest,  when  a  glowing  light  spread 
itself  over  the  dark  clouds,  which  became  brighter 
and  still  brighter.  Looking  beyond  a  scene  of  un- 
paralleled magnificence  was  spread  before  us.  Through 
the  center  hung  long  fleecy  clouds  lighted  to  a  deep 


22 

orange,  while  above,  like  a  great  curtain,  was  spread  a 
belt  of  olive  green.  Here  and  there  were  tints  of  crim- 
son, the  delicacy  of  which  no  artist  could  approach. 
Above  and  parallel  with  the  horizon  stretched  a  long 
rift,  in  clouds  rendered  marvelously  rich  in  gold  and 
garnet,  through  which  the  blue  sky  beyond  was  vis- 
ible, slightly  obscured  by  light,  fleecy  clouds  of  silver. 
During  all  this  magnificent  sight  the  electric  storm 
raged  in  the  south  with  unabated  fury,  flashes  of 
lightning  and  peals  of  thunder  adding  solemnity  to  a 
scene  of  wonderful  brilliance. 

The  16th  was  spent  in  preparing  the  Cleet- 
wood  for  her  final  plunge  over  the  cliffs  in  search  of 
water.  A  sled  was  made  of  very  heavy  timbers,  on 
which  she  was  placed,  keel  up,  then  lashed  and 
braced  in  every  conceivable  manner  until,  in  fact,  she 
seemed  a  part  of  the  sled  itself.  Guy  ropes  were 
placed  on  each  corner  to  guide  it,  in  connection  with 
a  heavy  handspike.  Saturday  morning  the  actual 
work  of  launching  began,  by  sliding  the  boat  over  a 
snowdrift  in  a  canyon  that  slopes  to  the  lake  at  about 
an  angle  of  fifty  degrees.  The  cliff  is  probably  one 
thousand  feet  high  at  this  point.  The  sled  was  at- 
tached by  block  and  tackle  to  a  tree  on  the  summit 
and  lowered  nearly  half  way,  when  jbhe  bearing  was 
shifted  as  far  down  as  possible  and  a  new  start  taken. 
Leaving  the  summit  at  7:30  A.  M.,  it  required  the  most 
persistent  work  and  constant  care  of  fifteen  men 
eight  hours  to  reach  the  lake.  In  the  bottom  of  the 
canyon  flows  a  stream  of  water  that  contributes  very 


23 

materially  to  the  danger  of  such  an  undertaking,  as 
constant  slides  of  rocks  are  thus  caused.  When  the 
bottom  seemed  to  be  reached  it  was  found  that  there 
still  remained  a  sort  of  jump-off',  or  slide, .  into  the 
water,  perpendicular  and  about  fifteen  feet  high.  The 
water,  at  this  point  is  very  deep,  and  the  question 
arose,  "  How  shall  we  launch  the  boat  now  that  we 
have  got  it  here  ?"  It  was  simply  turned  right  side 
up  again,  lashed  to  the  sled  and  let  partially  down 
with  the  bow  thrown  out  as  far  as  possible.  It  was 
held  securely  in  this  position  while  one  of  the  men 
climbed  aboard,  cut  the  lines  and  she  shot  forward 
in  fine  style,  not  shipping  a  gallon  of  water,  although 
the  bow  was  almost  submerged  to  start  with.  The 
moment  the  launching  was  complete  there  was  a  cry 
of  unrestrained  joy  sent  up  from  all  present,  and  our 
shouts  were  answered  from  the  cliffs  by  waving  of 
hats  and  blowing  of  fog  horns.  With  one  impulse 
the  cry  was  raised,  "  Now  for  the  island !  "  and  in  an 
incredibly  short  space  of  time  both  skiffs  and  the 
Cleetwood  were  headed  that  way.  With  four  men 
at  the  oars  we  soon  reached  our  destination,  and  then 
returned  to  camp,  where  a  bountiful  repastawaited  us. 
Every  precaution  was  taken  to  clear  the  canyon  of 
loose  rocks,  nevertheless  a  few  rolled  down,  but  were 
successfully  dodged  until  the  boat  was  actually  in  the 
water,  immediately  after  which  a  small  bowlder  came 
down  with  terrific  force.  Capt.  Davis  stood  directly 
in  its  course,  and  not  seeing  it  the  other  members  of 
the  party  shouted  to  him  to  "  lookout."  It  being  irn- 


24 

possible  for  him  to  run,  he  jumped  under  the  frame- 
work, or  sled,  hanging  where  the  boat  left  it,  and  laid 
flat  on  the  ground,  just  as  the  stone  struck  a  rock  and 
the  upper  end  of  the  frame.  It  then  struck  Capt.  Davis 
in  the  back,  but  its  force  had  been  so  broken  that  it 
did  no  harm  further  than  to  make  the  spot  feel  sore. 
The  day  after  launching  the  Cleetwood,  nine  mem- 
bers of  our  party  made  the  circuit  of  the  lake  on  a 
sort  of  casual  observation,  or  tour  of  inspection.  The 
scenery  was  grand  to  a  degree  far  beyond  our  most 
sanguine  expectations.  Four  strong  oarsmen  soon 
brought  us  to  Llao  Rock,  and  as  we  gazed  in  silent 
wonder  at  its  rugged  sides,  reaching  nearly  half  a 
mile  above  us,  for  the  first  time  did  we  realize  the 
immensity  of  such  a  spectacle.  Never  before  did  I 
fully  understand  the  meaning  of  figures  when  they 
run  up  into  the  thousands  of  feet,  vertical  measure- 
ment. Beyond  Llao  rock  we  found  a  beautiful  little 
bay,  and  beyond  it  a  larger  one,  probably  one  mile 
long  by  a  quarter  of  a  mile  deep.  Here  we  stopped  for 
lunch,  and  when  landing  were  surprised  to  find  a  long 
line  of  dead  moths,  of  large  variety,  washed  up  by  the 
waves,  arid  in  such  numbers  that  the  air  was  laden 
with  an  unpleasant  odor,  apparently  about  a  first 
cousin  to  a  slaughter  house.  We  also  found  here  a  nar- 
row beach  of  small  gravel  running  almost  the  entire 
length  of  the  bay,  while  further  out  in  the  lake,  the 
bottom  is  composed  of  sand.  As  this  point  had  not 
only  never  been  named,  but  probably  was  never  before 
visited  by  human  beings,  we  decided  to  christen  it 


25 

Cleetwood  Cove.  Passing  on  our  journey,  it  was  soon 
seen  that  the  cliffs  on  the  north  side  are  not  so  high  as 
those  to  the  south.  In  several  places  it  appeared  that 
good  trails  could  easily  be  made  to  the  water's  edge, 
over  which  a  person  might  almost  ride  horseback, 
and  in  one  place,  without  any  grading  whatever,  a 
good  pack  train  could  descend  with  comparative  ease. 
About  2  o'clock  a  thunder  shower  came  suddenly 
upon  us  just  as  two  beautiful  grottos  appeared  in  view. 
Into  one  of  these  the  boat  was  run,  where  we  were  en- 
tirely beyond  the  reach  of  rain.  It  proved  to  be  about 
thirty  feet  deep  and  twenty  wide,  with  an  arched 
roof  probably  eight  feet  above  the  water,  while  the 
rocky  bottom  could  be  distinctly  seen  ten  feet  below 
the  surface.  So  perfect  was  its  form  that  it  almost 
seemed  the  hand  of  man  had  hewn  it  from  the  solid 
rock.  Beyond  it  towered  an  immense  cliff,  very  high, 
with  broken,  rugged  sides,  picturesque  and  sublime, 
which  I  insist  on  naming  Button  Cliff,  in  honor  of 
Capt.  Button,  who  has  done  and  is  doing  so  much  to 
make  Crater  Lake  justly  famous.  This  point  may  be 
known  from  the  fact  that  it  lies  directly  opposite 
Llao  Rock,  and  between  the  two  lowest  places  in  the 
lake's  walls.  Immediately  north  of  Button  Cliff,  the 
elements  have  worn  the  sides  of  the  mountain,  leaving 
a  harder  substance,  alternately  colored  red  and  yellow, 
resembling  the  mansard  roof  of  a  cottage,  while  in 
one  place,  tall  red  chimneys  stand  aloft,  making,  all  in 
all,  such  a  scene  that  Cottage  Rock  could  scarcely  be 
improved  on  for  a  name.  Lying  between  the  two 


26 

points  above  referred  to,  a  break  in  the  wall  was 
found,  that  is  almost  perpendicular,  but  certainly 
does  not  exceed  five  hundred  feet  in  height.  This  is 
by  far  the  lowest  point  in  the  walls. 

No  time  was  lost  in  getting  our  soundings  under 
way.  The  first  was  made  about  one  hundred  yards 
from  shore.  It  was  supposed  that  we  might  possibly 
find  as  much  as  one  hundred  feet  of  water,  but,  as  the 
lead  ran  out,  our  excitement  grew  with  each  succeed- 
ing hundred  feet,  until  over  one  thousand  two  hun- 
dred feet  were  out.  At  one  thousand  two  hundred 
feet  the  machine  stopped,  aud  our  pent-up  feelings  ex- 
ploded in  one  wild  yell  of  delight.  For  a  number  of 
days  the  soundings  were  continued.  The  greatest 
depth  recorded  was  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and 
ninety-six  feet,  which,  making  allowance  for  stretch 
of  wire,  would  give  two  thousand  and  eight  feet.  Of 
the  whole  number  made,  eighteen  are  over  one  thou- 
sand nine  hundred,  thirteen  over  one  thousand  eight 
hundred,  eleven  over  one  thousand  seven  hundred, 
fifteen  over  one  thousand  six  hundred,  and  nineteen 
over  one  thousand  five  hundred.  It  was  found  that  at 
the  bottom  of  the  northeastern  end  lies  a  plain  of 
several  square  miles,  almost  perfectly  level,  while 
south  of  the  center  is  a  cliff'  about  nine  hundred  feet 
high,  and  west  of  the  center  seems  to  be  cinder  cone, 
nearly  one  thousand  two  hundred  feet  in  height,  with 
a  crater  in  the  center  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  deep. 
Its  summit  is  six  hundred  feet  below  the  surface  of 
the  water. 


27 

On  one  occasion  our  party  took  five  pounds  of  red 
fire,  which  we  intended  to  burn  on  the  summit  of 
Wizard  Island,  but  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  air  was 
so  filled  with  smoke  as  to  destroy  the  effect,  our  plan 
was  changed,  and  we  took  it  to  Rogue  River  Falls  on 
our  return.  Here  we  met  quite  a  number  of  hardy 
mountaineers,  and  at  9  o'clock  left  camp  for  the  falls, 
about  one  mile  distant.  The  night  was  very  dark,  and 
a  weird  sort  of  a  scene  it  was  as  we  climbed  over  logs 
and  rocks,  lighting  our  way  by  tallow  candles  and  a 
lantern  that  flickered  dimly.  At  last  the  bank  of  the 
stream  was  reached,  and  while  the  noise  of  the  rushing 
waters  was  intense,  nothing  could  be  seen  but  the  dim 
outline  of  something  white  far  down  below  us.  At  this 
point,  the  walls  are  perpendicular,  and  one  hundred 
and  eighty  feet  high.  They  are  also  solid  rock  from  top 
to  bottom.  Directly  opposite  where  we  stood,  Mill 
Creek  falls  into  Rogue  River  (one  hundred  and  eighty 
feet),  and  this  is  what  we  came  to  see.  In  order  to  get 
the  benefit  of  the  red  light,  it  was  necessary  for  some 
one  to  climb  down  to  the  water.  This  duty  fell  to  a 
stranger  in  the  party,  who  made  the  descent  during 
the  day,  and  myself.  He  led  the  way  carrying  a  dim 
lantern,  and  I  followed  as  best  I  could.  The  rocks 
are  covered  with  a  remarkably  thick  layer  of  moss, 
which  is  kept  very  wet  by  the  rising  mist.  The  path, 
if  such  it  might  be  termed,  led  along  the  sides  of 
the  cliff  at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees.  As  we  cau- 
tiously climbed  from  rock  to  rock,  it  was  a  sort  of 
feeling  of  intensified  interest  that  overcame  us,  when 


28 

we  realized  that  a  single  misstep  would  precipitate  us 
to  the  rocks  below — and,  worst  of  all,  possibly  we 
"never  would  be  missed."  The  bed  of  the  stream  was 
reached  at  last,  and  the  fire  ignited  close  to  the  falls. 
Ye  gods!  What  a  transformation !  Suddenly,  the  can. 
yon,  which  could  not  be  seen  before,  was  as  bright  as 
day,  lighted  by  a  fire  so  brilliant  that  we  could  not 
look  upon  it.  Crimson  air  and  crimson  water,  crimson 
walls  and  crimson  everywhere.  No  magician  of  the 
Arabians  ever  conjured  up  by  a  stroke  of  his  wand  a 
spectacle  more  sublime.  It  was  one  of  transcendent 
beauty,  upon  which  the  human  eye  seldom  rests,  and 
when  it  does  its  possessor  is  spellbound  by  the  be- 
wildering vision.  One  almost  loses  the  power  of 
speech  in  the  desperate  struggle  to  see  and  compre- 
hend the  scene,  and  before  it  is  realized  the  light  dies 
away  and  darkness  reigns  supreme,  rendered  ten-fold 
more  dense  by  the  splendor  of  so  magnificent  a  tableau. 
Near  the  base  of  Duttoii  Cliff  stands  a  solitary  rock, 
probably  one  hundred  feet  high,  by  two  hundred  in 
length  and  nearly  the  same  breadth,  that,  while  not 
seen  by  the  present  generation  of  Indians,  is  never- 
theless known  to  them,  and  is  a  special  object  of  super- 
stitious dread.  They  consider  it  as  a  peculiarly 
ferocious  monster,  Hut  are  unable  to  describe  its  char- 
acteristics. It  stands  in  the  lake  entirely  alone  and 
about  fifty  yards  from  shore.  Standing  on  the  cliffs, 
five  miles  to  the  west  and  looking  across  the  lake, 
this  strange  rock  is  plainly  visible  in  the  sunlight 
its  rugged  peaks  reaching  aloft,  giving  it  the  ap- 


29 

pearanee  of  a  full  rigged  ship  at  anchor.  Should  a 
cloud  pass  before  the  sun,  as  the  shadow  strikes  the 
rock  it  will  pass  from  view  as  effectually  as  though  it 
had  ceased  to  exist.  While  sounding  the  lake  in  1886, 
I  caused  a  party  of  topographical  engineers  to  be 
landed  here  for  observations,  but  it  was  so  rugged  that 
the  most  diligent  search  failed  to  reveal  a  level  pla'ce 
large  enough  to  accommodate  the  tripod  attached  to 
their  instruments,  and  we  were  compelled  to  resort  to 
a  point  on  shore  for  the  purpose.  I  have  never 
learned  its  Indian  name,  but  among  the  whites  it  is 
known  as  the  Phantom  Ship. 

To  those  who  enjoy  the  noble  sport  of  hunting,  the 
vicinity  of  Crater  Lake  is  especially  attractive.  Great 
numbers  of  deer,  bear  and  panther  roam  through  the 
timber  in  fancied  security,  inviting  the  keen  eye  and 
steady  nerve  of  the  sportsman.  Although  passion- 
ately fond  of  such  sport  myself,  the  grandeur  and 
sublimity  of  the  surroundings  so  overcame  me  with 
desire  to  see  and  prosecute  our  explorations,  thait  I 
forgot  my  love  fora  running  shot,  in  an  inordinate 
desire  to  climb  over  the  cliffs  and  view  the  wonderful 
place  from  every  conceivable  point.  My  companions 
were  no  less  affected,  and  the  result  was  that  we  ran 
out  of  meat  and  applied  to  a  native  sheep  herder  for 
mutton  chops.  He  scowled  upon  us  for  a  moment, 
then  informed  our  spokesman  that  "when  he  butch- 
ered he  never  saved  the  heads." 

While  running  a  line  of  soundings  from  Llao  rock 
to  Vidae  cliff*  across  the  lake  one  day,  a  strong  wind 


30 

sprung  up  from  the  south  accompanied  by  black 
clouds  and  a  storm  seemed  imminent.  We  had  pro- 
ceeded about  three  miles  across,  when  we  were  sud- 
denly startled  by  a  loud  noise,  as  though  a  multitude 
of  men  were  savagely  beating  tin  pans.  In  a  very  few 
minutes  the  southwestern  cliffs  became  white  and  we 
could  plainly  see  the  "color  line"  advancing  to  the 
north,  until  all  the  cliffs  to  the  west  seemed  covered 
with  snow.  To  add  to  so  strange  a  sight,  a  good-sized 
water-fall  began  pouring  over  Llao  rock,  and  falling  to 
the  lake  two  thousand  feet  below.  Within  half  an 
hour  from  the  beginning  of  the  storm,  the  water-fall 
ceased,  the  cliffs  became  dark  again,  the  wind  shifted 
to  the  northwest  and  drove  millions  of  hailstones 
upon  us,  sufficiently  large  to  make  us  wince  when 
struck — especially  when  struck  all  over  with  no  pos- 
sible means  of  escape. 

The  only  accident  to  any  of  our  party  during  the 
sojourn,  befel  a  highly  respected  mule  attached  to  the 
Topographical  Engineers  Corps.  One  day  as  the  party 
passed  along  the  east  side  of  Button  Cliff,  progress 
seemed  almost  blocked  by  high  precipices.  A  point 
was  found  overlooking  a  yawning  chasm,  where  a 
large  tree  had  fallen  and  lodged.  By  throwing  in 
stones  and  brush,  a  sort  of  trail  was  made  to  terra 
firma  beyond  the  backbone  of  the  mountain.  Over 
this  the  pack  train  was  passed  safely,  except  a  mule 
that  was  blind  in  one  eye.  He  bore  a  reputation  for 
dignity  and  sobriety  that  any  well-to-do  mule  might 
envy.  However,  when  just  at  the  point  which,  above 


31 

all  others,  should  have  received  his  undivided  atten- 
tion, he  became  gay  and  festive,  and  as  a  consequence, 
fell  part  way  over  the  precipice.  By  dint  of  hard 
labor,  he  was  drawn  back,  but  little  the  worse  for 
wear,  his  pack  was  removed  and  he  again  started 
across.  Again,  however,  he  became  frisky,  and  pitched 
head-long  over  a  rocky  precipice  five  hundred  feet 
high.  As  his  limbs  mixed  with  those  of  the  trees  be- 
low, the  thoughts  of  the  spectators  above  were:  "  There 
goes  all  that  is  mortal  of  Croppy,  who  climbed  to  the 
top  of  Mt.  Shasta,  but  died  in  a  lonely  canyon,  by  his 
own  hand  in  a  fit  of  temporary  insan^.  Let  him 
R.I.P." 

One  day  while  at  work  on  the  lake,  my  attention 
was  called  to  what  seemed  to  be  a  tall,  full-bearded 
man  standing  on  the  southern  portion  of  Llao  Rock's 
summit.  One  foot  was  placed  a  little  forward  of  the 
other  and  the  knee  bent  slightly  but  naturally,  while 
before  him  stood  a  gun.  His  hands  were  clasped 
over  the  muzzle  as  he  gazed  intently  to  the  north. 
Just  behind  him  stood  a  boy,  apparently  about  fifteen 
years  of  age.  They  seemed  entirely  too  natural  not 
to  be  flesh  and  blood,  and  yet,  persons  at  that  dis- 
tance would  not  be  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  as  we 
were  two  miles  out  on  the  lake.  Day  after  day,  as  our 
work  progressed,  their  position  remained  the  same, 
and,  in  the  absence  of  a  better  explanation,  we  decided 
them  to  be  trees. 

Crater  Lake  is  but  a  striking  memento  of  a  dread 
past.  Imagine  a  vast  mountain,  six  by  seven  miles 


32 

through,  at  an  elevation  of  eight  thousand  feet,  with 
the  top  removed  and  the  inside  hollowed  out,  then 
filled  with  the  clearest  water  in  the  world,  to  within 
two  thousand  feet  of  the  top,  then  place  a  round  island 
in  one  end  eight  hundred  and  forty-five  feet  high, 
then  dig  a  circular  hole  tapering  to  the  center,  like  a 
a  funnel,  one  hundred  feet  deep  and  four  hundred  and 
seventy-five  feet  in  diameter,  and  you  have  a  perfect 
representation  of  Crater  Lake. 

It  is  hard  to  comprehend  what  an  immense  affair 
it  is.  To  those  living  in  New  York  City,  I  would  say, 
Crater  Lake  is  large  enough  to  have  Manhattan, 
Randall's,  Ward's  and  Blackwell's  Islands  dropped 
into  it,  side  by  side  without  touching  the  walls,  or, 
Chicago  or  Washington  City  might  do  the  same. 
Our  own  fair  city  of  Portland  with  all  her  suburbs, 
from  the  City  Park  to  Mount  Tabor,  and  from  Albina 
to  Sellwood  inclusive,  could  find  ample  room  on  the 
bottom  of  the  lake.  On  the  other  hand,  if  it  were 
possible  to  place  the  lake,  at  its  present  elevation, 
above  either  of  these  cities,  it  would  be  over  a  mile  up 
to  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  a  mile  and  three- 
quarters  to  the  top  of  Llao  Rock.  Of  this  distance, 
the  ascent  would  he  through  water  for  two  thousand 
feet.  To  those  living  in  New  Hampshire,  it  might  be 
said,  the  surface  of  the  water  is  twenty-three  feet 
higher  than  the  summit  of  Mt.  Washington. 

What  an  immense  affair  it  must  have  been,  ages 
upon  ages  ago,  when,  long  before  the  hot  breath  of  a 
volcano  soiled  its  hoary  head,  standing  as  a  proud 


/It 


1.  Rogue  River  Falls,   ISO  feet  high. 

2.  Vidae  Cliff,   Crater  Lake,  over  2,OOO  feet  high. 

3.  A  point  on    Virlae  Cliff. 


33 

monarch,  with  its  feet  upon  earth  and  its  head  in 
the  heavens,  it  towered  far,  far  above  the  mountain 
ranges,  aye,  looked  far  down  upon  the  snowy  peaks 
of  Hood  and  Shasta,  and  snuffed  the  air  beyond  the 
reach  of  Everest.  Then  streams  of  fire  began  to  shoot 
forth,  great  seas  of  lava  were  hurled  upon  the  earth 
beneath.  The  elements  seemed  bent  upon  establish- 
ing hell  upon  earth  and  fixing  its  throne  upon  this 
great  mountain.  At  last  its  foundation  gave  way 
and  it  sank  forever  from  sight.  Down,  down,  down 
deep  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  leaving  a  great, 
black,  smoking  chasm,  which  succeeding  ages  filled 
with  pure,  fresh  water,  giving  to  our  day  and  gener- 
ation one  of  the  most  beautiful  lakes  within  the  vision 
of  man. 

In  conclusion  I  will  say,  Crater  Lake  is  one  of 
the  grandest  points  of  interest  on  earth.  Here  all  the 
ingenuity  of  nature  seems  to  have  been  exerted  to  the 
fullest  capacity,  to  build  one  grand,  awe-inspiring 
temple,  within  which  to  live  and  from  which  to  gaze 
upon  the  surrounding  world  and  say  :  "  Here  would 
I  dwell  and  live  forever.  Here  would  I  make  my  home 
from  choice;  the  universe  is  my  kingdom,  and  this 
my  throne." 


COUNTY  CAVES. 


0N  Friday  evening,  August  24,  1888,  S.  S.  Nicolini 
of  Ragusa,  Austria,  E.  D.  Dewert  of  Portland,  and 
the  writer  boarded  the  south-bound  train  for  Grant's 
Pass,  intent  on  a  few  days'  outing.  This  town  of 
Grant's  Pass  was  so  named  for  a  pass  in  the  moun- 
tains several  miles  south,  where,  in  early  days,  the  si- 
lent hero  camped  for  the  night. 

Early  Saturday  morning  my  head  was  banged  up 
against  one  end  of  our  sleeping  car,  an  instant  after 
hearing  the  shrill  whistle  sounding  down  brakes.  As 
soon  as  possible  I  got  on  the  outside  and  found  the 
engines  standing  within  a  few  feet  of  a  yawning  chasm 
where  a  bridge  had  been.  Now,  however,  seven  bents 
had  been  burned  away  and  a  terrible  railroad  accident 
was  averted  by  the  quick  eye  of  Engineer  Elliott, 
who  saw  the  fire  as  we  turned  the  curve  and  stopped 
the  train  almost  instantly. 

At  Grant's  Pass,  H.  D.,  M.  M.  and  F.  M.  Harkuess 
joined  us,  and  we  started  for  the  Josephine  County 
Caves,  about  thirty  miles  due  south,  in  the  Siskiyou 
mountains.  For  twenty  miles  the  trip  was  made  over 
a  very  good  road  by  wagon.  At  this  point  it  became 
necessary  to  pack  our  things  on  two  horses  and  walk 
over  a  trail  into  the  mountains.  On  a  hot  day,  this 


35 

1  ortion  of  the  trip  is  very  laborious,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  it  is  up  the  steep  mountain  side  about  two-thirds 
of  the  way,  and  down  an  equally  steep  incline  the 
remainder.  We  arrived  at  our  destination  a  little  be- 
fore noon  on  the  27th,  and  found  two  openings,  one 
above  the  other,  and  about  one  hundred  yards  apart, 
on  the  south  side  of  a  deep  canyon.  When  out  hunt- 
ing a  few  years  since,  Elijah  Davidson,  of  Williams 
Creek,  found  a  bear  and  chased  it  into  the  lower  en- 
trance, thus  discovering  the  caves. 

Each  entrance  is  high  enough  to  admit  a  per- 
son without  stooping,  and  is  probably  about  eight  feet 
wide.  At  noon  we  entered  the  upper  cave.  For  a 
few  feet  the  floor  inclined  inward  ;  we  then  descended 
a  ladder  for  about  six  feet,  and  found  ourselves  in  a 
passage  way  eight  feet  wide  by  an  equal  height,  which 
changed,  however,  at  every  step.  Now  it  would  be 
wider,  and  now  narrower,  now  higher,  and  now  lower. 
Walls,  ceiling  and  floor  were  composed  of  solid  rock. 
To  describe  them,  appropriately  would  simply  be  to 
use  a  gift  made  divine  by  inspiration.  No  man  can 
behold  them,  then  impart  to  others  an  accurate  idea 
of  their  appearance.  Soon  after  entering  we  were 
compelled  to  progress  on  hands  and  knees,  then  stoo.I 
upright  in  chambers  ten  feet  high,  the  walls  of  which 
were  white.  Stalactites  were  first  seen  here,  and  in- 
voluntarily we  cast  sly  glances  around  to  discover  the 
bodies  of  kings  preserved  beneath  such  droppings  in 
"King  Solomon's  Mines."  We  wandered  from  place 
to  place,  from  chamber  to  chamber,  dragging  ourselves 


through  passage  ways  barely  large  enough  to  admit 
a  human  body,  while  with  toes  and  fingers  we  worked 
along,  or  stood  in  the  midst  of  rooms  that  reached  far 
above  us.  Now  we  see  a  beautiful  pool  of  clearest 
water,  surrounded  by  a  delicate  crystal  formation  in 
the  shape  of  a  bowl.  In  color  it  is  as  white  as  the 
driven  snow,  while  each  crystal  is  oblong,  projecting 
at  right  angles  with  the  main  portion  for  about  an 
eighth  of  an  inch.  One  peculiarity  of  these  crystals 
that  disappointed  us  was  the  fact  that  they  change 
from  white  to  a  dull,  yellowish  color,  immediately 
after  being  removed  from  the  caves. 

We  were  extremely  anxious  to  try  a  new  process 
for  taking  photographs  in  the  dark,  so  Dewert  took 
his  camera  and  acted  as  photographer  for  the  party. 
Owing  to  the  limited  space  at  times  and  cramped 
manner  of  locomotion  it  required  the  services  of  four 
men  to  carry  the  camera  and  acompanying  necessi- 
ties. Having  reached  a  suitable  place  for  a  picture, 
the  camera  was  first  put  in  position,  a  board  was  laid 
on  the  top  of  it  on  which  a  tin  reflector  was  placed, 
and  a  little  powder  called  the  lightning  flash  wTas 
then  poured  on  the  board  in  front  of  the  reflector.  At 
this  point  the  order  was  given,  "Douse  the  glim,"  and 
all  lights  were  extinguished.  The  plate  was  exposed 
in  perfect  darkness,  the  powder  was  ignited,  and  in- 
stantly there  was  a  flash  of  the  most  intense  light. 
This  light  was  so  brilliant  that,  for  several  minutes,  it 
caused  in  the  eyes  a  glimmering  sensation  of  light. 
Several  photographs  were  taken  in  this  way,  which 


37 

will  doubtless  prove  excellent  examples  of  what  ingen- 
uity can  do  in  the  dark. 

It  would  require  days  of  constant  work  to  explore 
all  the  passages  we  found,  whereas  our  time  was  lim- 
ited to  that  portion  of  one  day  after  12  o'clock  noon. 
For  this  reason  we  remained  in  the  caves  from  noon 
to  midnight,  first  examining  the  upper,  then  the  lower 
one.  This  difference  exists  between  them  :  The  one 
above  is  possessed  of  fine  stalactite  formations,  while 
below  none  appear.  Instead,  however,  immense  rocks 
are  piled  indiscriminately  one  upon  the  other,  with 
great  cracks  between.  Long  ladders  were  used  to 
climb  to  the  top  of  the  rocks,  over  the  sides  of  which 
yawning  pits  could  be  seen  that  seemed  to  possess 
no  bottom.  Lack  of  time  alone  prevented  us  from 
making  a  thorough  investigation,  but  I  could  not  resist 
the  temptation  to  climb  over  the  side  of  one  friendly 
rock  for  a  few  feet  to  see  how  it  looked.  Down  for 
twenty  feet  the  space  remained  unchanged,  so  that  I 
could  easily  reach  from  rock  to  rock.  It  then  widened 
out  and  I  could  proceed  no  farther  without  ropes,  so  I 
returned  to  the  party.  A  fine  stream  of  clear  cold 
water  flows  from  this  cave  and  a  strong  breeze  of 
cool  air  rushed  forth  also.  At  times  in  both  upper 
and  lower  cave,  the  wind  blew  toward  the  entrance  so 
that  it  was  impossible  to  keep  the  lights  burning.  No 
traces  of  foul  air  have  been  found  in  either  cave. 

Before  our  visit,  visions  of  square  chambers  filled 
my  mind,  only  to  be  dashed  aside  when  real  ones  pre- 
sented themselves,  the  irregular  shape  of  which  could 


38 

not  well  be  surpassed.  .There  are  no  parallel  walls, 
few  straight  ones,  but  corners  everywhere  The  floor 
will  pitch  in  all  directions,  likewise  ceiling  and  walls. 
Beautiful  views  of  stalactites  and  stalagmites  stand 
out  in  bold  relief  against  snow  white  walls.  At  the 
farthest  extremity  of  the  upper  cave  in  one  direction 
an  immense  chamber  presents  itself,  and  should  be 
known  as  the  devil's  banquet  hall.  It  is  probably 
75x150  feet  and  sixty  in  height.  Great  blocks  of  rock 
hang  as  by  a  thread  from  the  ceiling,  while  on  every 
side  rocks  of  equal  size  lie  in  all  conceivable  shapes. 
Standing  at  the  point  of  entry  one  looks  at  the  oppo- 
site side  and  sees  great  cracks,  yawning  cavities  with 
open  mouths  of  blackness,  dismal  shadows,  to  which 
flickering  lights  give  a  ghoulish,  dance-like  appear- 
ance. Yes,  the  devil  seems  to  be  holding  high  carni- 
val, while  his  imps  would  dance  the  night  away.  They 
bob  up  and  down  and  swing  their  arms  in  fiendish 
glee,  while  the  dance  goes  on  forever.  None  can  look 
therein  without  seeing  these  imps  and  their  antics. 
The  floor  recedes  rapidly  from  the  entrance,  and  is 
composed  of  great  rocks  scattered  in  confusion.  We 
placed  a  number  of  lighted  candles  in  different  places, 
then  climbed  to  the  opposite  side  to  view  them.  The 
shadows  had  partially  disappeared,  crevices  and  holes 
in  the  walls  not  before  seen  became  suddenly  black 
and  excited  our  curiosity,  so  we  climbed  over  high 
rocks  into  unknown  passages.  In  a  small  chamber 
on  one  side  we  found  a  beautiful  stream  of  water, 
falling  several  feet  into  a  crystal  basin.  The  walls 


of  the  chamber  are  white,  and  the  effect  by  candh- 
light  is  very  fine. 

Midnight  found  us  still  employed,  but  we  reluc- 
tantly ceased  our  labors  and  withdrew.  Without  un- 
necessary ceremony  we  wrapped  our  blankets  about  us, 
laid  down  beneath  the  stars,  and  slept  the  sleep  of  the 
just  until  3  o'clock,  when  the  dulcet  notes  of  a  coyote 
called  us  to  the  business  of  the  day.  Preparations 
were  quickly  made  for  the  journey,  and  at  daylight 
we  were  on  our  way  to  Grant's  Pass,  where  we  arrived 
at  9  o'clock  P.  M. 


Ifi 


3T  IS  a  curious  fact  that  the  home  of  Liberty  has 
always  been  in  the  mountains  The  reason  for 
this  is,  that  Nature  intervenes  every  barrier  to  pre- 
vent conquests,  and  shields  the  native  mountaineer 
from  onslaughts  of  a  foreign  foe.  The  ringing  words, 
"Make  way  for  Liberty/'  could  never  have  become 
immortal  had  it  not  been  for  a  mountain  pass.  The 
memory  of  William  Tell  would  not  now  be  cherished 
by  liberty-loving  Swiss,  were  it  not  for  the  friendly 
crags  of  the  Alps  that  sheltered  him.  Here  in  the 
Northwest  we  are  blessed  with  a  wonderful  mountain 
range,  extending  from  California  through  Oregon 
and  Washington  to  British  Columbia. 

For  beauty,  grandeur  and  extent  it  has  no  supe- 
rior; while  as  a  field  of  defense,  it  simply  stands  un- 
paralleled, and  is  rich  in  minerals,  agriculture  and 
commerce.  Located  at  from  forty  to  a  hundred  miles 
apart  are  the  following  mountain  peaks,  covered  with 
perpetual  snow:  Baker,  Rainier,  Adams,  St.  Helens, 
Hood,  Jefferson,  Three  Sisters,  Pitt  and  Shasta.  From 
each  of  these,  convenient  points  of  prominence  are 
visible  in  the  Coast  Range,  one  or  more  of  which  in 
turn  are  visible  from  every  harbor  and  city  as  far 
south  as  San  Francisco.  In  case  of  a  foreign  war  it  is 
one  of  the  possibilities  of  the  Oregon  Alpine  Club  to 


41 

organize  a  sort  of  Signal  Corps,  say  five  hundred  men, 
each  of  whom  would  be  thoroughly  familiar  with 
every  pass,  crevasse  and  crag  in  the  mountains  where 
detailed  for  service.  With  a  liberal  supply  of  pro- 
visions and  ammunition  on  each  peak,  scarcely  any- 
thing short  of  a  pestilence  could  dislodge  them.  What 
could  a  foreign  army  do  around  Mt.  Hood,  for 
instance,  with  fifty  resolute  men  well  armed  and 
equipped  on  the  summit. 

It  has  been  but  a  few  years  since  the  entire  force 
of  the  United  States  Army  was  successfully  defied  by 
Captain  Jack  and  a  dozen  Indians  in  the  Lava  Beds; 
and  yet  we  have  here  every  advantage  of  the  Lava 
Beds,  to  which  is  added  precipices  to  the  north,  east 
and  west,  while  to  the  south  a  narrow  passage  would 
permit  men  to  ascend,  but  it  is  necessary  to  cut  every 
step  in  the  ice;  while  directly  across  the  base  of  this 
precipitous  glacier,  a  crevasse  extends,  of  unknown 
depth,  which  varies  in  width  from  three  to  forty  feet, 
according  to  the  season.  It  is  needless  to  say  that 
every  wounded  member  of  the  assaulting  party  would 
pay  the  penalty  with  his  life,  for  the  slightest  mis- 
step would  hurl  him  into  the  crevasse  where  "  moth 
doth  not  corrupt  and  where  thieves  do  not  break 
through  and  steal."  Now  for  the  point  of  this  article. 
Give  to  the  corps  a  liberal  supply  of  heliographs  and 
instruct  the  men  how  to  use  them.  In  this  way  a  per- 
fect system  of  communication  can  be  established  by 
which  messages  can  be  sent  from  point  to  point  in  an 
instant.  Say,  for  instance,  that  a  hostile  fleet  was 


42 

lying  at  Victoria  and  a  descent  on  San  Francisco  was 
planned.  From  a  spy  \\ithin  the  enemy's  lines,  the 
party  on  Mt.  Baker  gathers  full  particulars,  and  im- 
immediately  informs  San  Francisco  of  the  contem- 
plated attack,  giving  full  particulars,  including  num- 
ber of  ships,  men  and  guns. 


OH  THE    SUJVIIVUT  OF 


O\T7ONDAY,  August  14,  1889,  Mr.  J.  Nichols,  of 
+-/  P  V  Tacoma,  and  the  writer,  left  Tacoma  for  Mt. 
Rainier,  determined,  if  possible,  to  reach  its'  highest 
point. 

The  provisions,  blankets,  alpine  stocks  (a  hickory 
staff  seven  feet  long  with  a  steel  point  at  one  end), 
alpine  ax  and  all  that  was  necessary  in  making  the 
ascent  easy,  were  taken  from  Tacoma,  while  pack 
horses  were  procured  at  Yelm,  a  station  twenty-five 
miles  south  of  Tacoma,  and  from  which  the  trail  leads 
east  ward  ly  to  Mount  Rainier.  It  first  follows  river 
bottoms,  then  mountains,  ridges  and  river  bottoms 
again,  while  an  occasional  fording  of  the  glacial 
stream,  lends  interest  to  the  ever-changing  scenes. 
We  aimed  at  the  end  of  each  day  to  camp  where  feed 
could  be  obtained  for  hard  working  horses.  Darkness 
coming  on  as  we  reached  the  first  ford,  left  in  some 
doubt  the  exact  location  of  the  crossing,  so  camp  was 
made  on  the  bank  of  the  river  with  nothing  but  oats 
for  our  tired  horses.  Daylight  found  us  fording  the 
river,  which  had  risen  during  the  night  about  ten 
inches,  making  it  quite  exciting  as  the  foaming  water 
splashed  the  horses'  sides,  and  wet  our  feet  and  ankles. 
Stopping  at  the  first  place  where  hay  could  be 
had,  a  stay  of  nearly  two  hours  was  made  for  break- 
fast for  ourselves  and  horses. 


44 

From  our  last  night's  experience,  we  decided  to 
carry  hay  with  us  and  camp  wherever  night  should 
overtake  us,  which  was  at  the  foot  of  a  high  moun- 
tain our  trail  led  over,  and  on  the  bank  of  the  river  as 
before.  The  day  was  uneventful,  if  we  omit  men- 
tion of  the  many  hornets'  nests  we  passed  through 
and  the  four  pheasanls  which  fell  before  the  unerring 
aim  of  Nichol's  rifle.  The  pheasants  led  us  to  a  fitting 
close  of  the  day  in  the  shape  of  pheasants  and  dump- 
lings, prepared  by  the  writer  and  pronounced  by 
Nichols  (who,  by  the  way,  is  an  epicure)  to  be  simply 
par  excellence.  And  here  I  might  add  that  the  writer 
is  a  single  man. 

The  end  of  the  third  day  found  us  at  the  Hotel 
Longmire  at  Hot  Springs,  located  on  the  southwest 
slope  of  Mt.  Rainier,  at  an  altitude  of  three  thousand 
feet,  and  some  five  miles  from  the  perpetual  snow 
limit.  And  no  finer  people  ever  lived  than  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Longmire,  who  own  and  preside  over  the  hotel 
and  springs.  The  hotel  material  was  cut  by  hand  out 
of  the  finest  grained  cedar  that  ever  grew — boards 
twelve  inches  wide  and  fifteen  feet  long— as  perfect  as 
though  sawed. 

As  a  matter  of  information  for  those  interested,  it 
might  be  well  to  say  here  that  the  waters  of  the 
springs  are  positively  life-giving.  The  writer  has 
visited  many  mineral  springs,  and  has  never  seen  any- 
thing that  will  compare  with  the  stimulating  and 
health-giving  qualities  of  these  spring.s. 


45 

But,  to  resume :  we  left  the  springs  next  morning, 
with  a  single  pack  horse,  expecting  to  leave  the  horse 
at  the  top  of  the  ridge  (eight  thousand  feet  altitude) 
overlooking  Paradise  valley,  and,  with  blankets  on 
our  backs,  to  make  our  way  to  Ewing's  camp,  ten 
thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  sea  level.  We 
reached  Paradise  valley,  and,  finding  the  same  had 
been  so  well  and  truly  named,  decided  to  stop  till  next 
day  and  enjoy  some  of  its  beauties.  Accordingly, 
camp  was  pitched,  fire- wood  gathered,  and  a  camp 
fire  built,  and  a  pot  of  beans  placed  thereon.  After  a 
light  lunch  we  strolled,  enjoying  the  alpine  beauties 
of  the  valley,  well  named  Paradise. 

During  the  afternoon  the  wind  changed  to  the 
southwest,  and  clouds  gradually  spread  over  the  fir- 
mament. From  our  experience  a  year  ago  on  Mount 
Hood  in  a  storm,  at  no  higher  altitude  than  we  now 
were,  no  thought  was  given  to  ascending  higher  till 
fair  weather  and  a  northwest  wind  prevailed.  Morn- 
ing dawned  and  no  indications  of  good  weather.  Our 
spirits  were  accordingly  depressed.  Observing  the 
barometer,  we  found  it  moving  quite  rapidly  in  the 
direction  of  storm.  By  noon  the  sky  was  heavily 
overcast,  and  an  hour  later  uudercast  as  well. 

By  3  o'clock  rain  began  to  fall.  The  wind  had 
already  risen  to  quite  a  gale.  Re-staking  our  tent, 
digging  a  ditch  around  the  head  and  sides,  and  piling 
wood  and  rocks  along  the  edges  to  keep  out  the  wind 
and  rain,  we  crawled  into  our  blankets  and  awaited 
developments.  Soon  the  storm  broke  upon  us  with 


all  its  alpine  fury,  and  raged  during  the  entire  night- 
By  morning  the  rain  had  turned  into  sleet  and  snow, 
the  thermometer,  at  daylight  registering  34  degrees. 
Shortly  the  storm  ceased.  After  some  difficulty  a  fire 
was  started  and  coffee  made.  Sampling  our  pot  of  beans, 
which  had  boiled  at  least  four  hours,  we  found  them  still 
hard;  after  an  hour  more  boiling  we  emptied  them  on 
the  ground,  having  learned  that  beans  are  hard  to 
cook  at  an  eight  thousand  foot  altitude.  Our  barome- 
ter still  indicating  foul  weather,  we  decided  to  start  at 
once  for  a  more  congenial  climate.  Accordingly  our 
shivering  horses  (which  we  had  blanketed)  were  packed 
and  four  hours  later  we  were  at  the  Springs  hotel,  in  a 
rather  moody  frame  of  mind.  Tuesday  morning  all 
was  clear,  the  barometer  indicated  fair  weather,  and 
we  started  early,  reaching  the  8500-foot  ridge  at  1  P.  M. 
Turning  our  horses  loose  to  feed  upon  the  succulent 
grass,  we  bound  our  blankets  upon  our  backs  and 
started  for  Ewing's  camp,  altitude  11,000  feet.  Evening 
coming  on,  we  made  camp  at  10,500.  Clearing  away 
the  rocks,  leaving  a  sandy  bottom,  we  stretched  our 
light,  small  tent,  banking  wet  sand  around  the  edges 
to  keep  out  the  piercing  wind,  which  almost  invari- 
ably blows  at  high  altitudes.  Placing  our  oilcloth 
over  the  damp,  cool  sand,  we  soon  had  a  comfortable 
bed.  For  tent  poles  we  used  our  alpine  stocks,  one  of 
which  was  seven  and  one-half  feet  long.  Our  bed  be- 
ing satisfactorily  arranged,  we  took  notes  on  the 
scenery,  temperature,  etc.  A  haze  hung  over  the 
valleys;  in  fact,  it  rose  to  a  height  of  nine  thousand 


47 

feet.  The  rosy-tinted  summits  of  Hood,  Adams  and 
St.  Helens  towered  away  above  it,  however,  reflecting 
the  rays  of  the  declining  sun. 

The  chilliness  of  the  temperature,  28  degrees,  pre- 
vented us  from  remaining  long  outside  our  tent. 
Crawling  in,  we  tightly  fastened  the  flaps  and  really 
passed  a  comfortable  night.  Twenty  minutes  after  4 
A.  M.  found  us  astir,  and  at  five  o'clock  we  were  under 
way. 

We  had  scarcely  as  yet  taken  time  to  admire  the 
beauties  of  the  scene,  so  intent  had  we  been  on  getting 
an  early  start  so  as  to  be  able  to  return  before  sun- 
down to  our  blankets  and  provisions. 

We  soon  had  an  opportunity  to  admire  the  beauties 
around  and  below  us,  as  climbing  above  eleven  thous- 
and feet  altitude  is  productive  of  sudden  stops  for 
rest  and  breath. 

We  expected  to  reach  the  summit  by  noon,  at 
latest;  but  on  account  of  the  icy  condition  of  portions 
of  the  mountain  side,  it  was  necessary  to  cut  steps  over 
quite  long  stretches.  This  delayed  us  more  than  two 
hours.  Twelve  o'clock  came  and  went  and  we  were 
not  quite  to  the  top  of  the  "  big  rock  "—a  large  rock 
on  the  south  side,  the  top  of  which  is  about  two  thou- 
sand feet  below  the  summit. 

By  1  o'clock  we  were  past  the  rock  several  hundred 
yards.  From  here  to  the  summit  we  crossed  eight  or 
nine  crevasses.  The  snow  or  ice  stood  in  pinnacles 
often  six  and  seven  feet  high. 


48 

Three  o'clock  came  and  the  top  was  still  beyond  us. 
Having  no  blankets  or  provisions,  the  question  now 
presented  itself:  Could  we  make  the  summit  and  back 
over  the  dangerous  points  before  dark.  Not  much 
talking  was  done,  however,  as  breath  was  too  precious; 
but  we  still  pushed  on. 

At  4  o'clock  we  held  a  council  of  war  and  decided 
that  since  it  was  already  so  late  we  could  not  return 
before  dark,  and  we  would  make  for  the  summit, 
where  steam  caverns  were  said  to  exist,  and  wnere 
Messrs.  Longmire  and  Van  Trump  stayed  over  night 
in  '83.  They  found  themselves  in  the  same  predica- 
ment we  were  now  in,  by  their  determination  to  reach 
the  summit.  This  being  settled,  we  pushed  on,  turned 
out  of  our  way  by  first  one  and  then  another  obstacle, 
until  we  found  ourselves  about  one  hundred  feet,  not 
more,  below  the  summit  of  the  highest  western  bump 
or  dome.  From  this  we  decended  about  a  hundred 
feet,  and  thence  across  a  level  piece  of  snow  about  one- 
third  of  a  mile,  to  the  foot  of  the  main  pinnacle,  in 
which  is  located  the  crater. 

Some  three  hundred  feet  (in  altitude)  more  climbing, 
over  ashes  and  fine  pumice  stone  of  the  outside  walls 
of  the  crater,  and  we  stood  on  the  apex  of  one  of  the 
highes.  mountains  in  the  United  States.  Mr.  Nichols 
claims  the  honor  of  being  the  first  and  only  Tacomaite 
who  has  reached  the  summit. 

It  was  now  5:10  p.  m.,  the  thermometer  registering 
23°  above  zero ;  and  having  no  blankets,  our  first 


1.  Snowballing  on  Mt.  St.  Helens,  July  22d,   1SS9. 

2.  Summit  of  Mt.  Hood,  looking  West. 

3.  Illumination  Rock  on  Alt.  Hood. 


49 

business  was  to  find  a  warm  place  in  the  steam  to  pass 
the  night.  Steam  could  be  seen  issuing  from  a  dozen 
different  places  on  the  inside  rim  of  the  crater,  say  sixty 
to  seventy  feet  below  the  crest. 

Writing  our  names  on  a  card,  with  a  short  account 
of  the  climb,  we  placed  it  inside  of  a  small  box,  on 
which  was  inscribed,  "Oregon  Alpine  Club,  Portland." 
This  was  left  on  the  top  of  the  ridge.  We  heaped  rocks 
around  it  to  prevent  the  wind  from  blowing  it  away. 
We  soon  found  a  sort  of  semi-spherical  opening  in 
the  rocks,  from  which  the  warm  steam  poured  forth. 
Clearing  away  the  rocks,  leaving  a  sandy  bottom,  we 
built  a  wall  of  rocks  two  feet  in  height  to  break  the 
wind,  and  then  turned  our  attention  to  looking  for 
canned  corned  beef. 

We  were  told  a  can  had  been  left  there  by  Prof. 
Ingrain's  party  ten  days  before.  This  was  soon  found, 
together  with  a  package  of  French  chocolate,  a  box  of 
sardines  and  some  cheese.  We  were  already  the 
possessors  of  one  lemon.  As  nothing  more  was  needed 
we  got  into  our  den.  Taking  a  cup  found  lashed  to 
a  rock  on  the  crest  of  the  crater  and  filling  it  with 
snow  we  placed  it  in  our  oven  and  soon  had  plenty  of 
water. 

We  ate  some  lunch,  but  fourteen  and  fifteen  thousand 
foot  altitudes  are  not  productive  of  strong  appetites,  so 
we  ate  sparingly,  and  being  so  completely  exhausted 
soon  fell  asleep. 

About  8  o'clock  p.  m.,  we  were  rudely  awakened  by 
what  appeared  to  be  a  dash  of  ice  water  in  our  faces 


50 

and  down  our  necks.  The  sky  being  clear  the  ice 
water  was  explained  a  few  moments  later.  The  wind 
had  arisen  and  was  drifting  dry  snow — (eight  inches 
of  which  had  fallen  Sunday)— from  a  bank  about  fif- 
teen feet  distant,  against  the  sloping  roof  and  walls  of 
our  warm  den ;  thus  the  snow  was  turned  to  water  by 
the  time  it  reached  our  faces.  To  prevent  being  so 
rudely  drenched  again  we  removed  our  coats,  which 
were  then  wrapped  around  our  heads. 

The  wind  having  veered  to  the  west,  some  anxiety 
was  felt  that  a  storm  might  arise  before  we  could  return. 
However,  fortune  smiled  upon  us  in  our  dizzy  resting 
place  so  far  above  the  clouds,  and  morning  dawned 
clear,  cold  and  beautiful. 

Upon  the  first  gleams  of  the  sun  we  made  for  the 
ridge  for  our  dry  clothes,  which  were  placed  there  be- 
fore retiring  to  our  den  the  night  before.  We  had  for- 
tunately worn  two  suits  of  heavy  underclothes,  two 
pairs  of  pants  and  two  coats,  so  we  now  had  dry  clothes, 
and  well  it  was  we  took  the  precaution  of  removing 
a  suit  and  placing  it  out  of  the  way  of  the  wet  steam. 
Before  we  could  return  to  our  den  every  vestige  of 
clothing,  including  a  soft  hat,  was  frozen  stiff.  The 
cold  seemed  to  strike  at  once  clear  through.  The 
agility  with  which  we  got  into  our  steam  chest  would 
have  been  amusing  to  an  uninitiated  observer.  We 
were  soon  warm  again,  and  by  slight  assistance  from 
each  other,  our  dripping  clothes  were  soon  changed 
for  dry  ones.  Mounting  the  ridge  of  the  crater  on 
the  highest  side,  sunrise  observations  were  taken. 


51 

The  sun  appearing  above  the  eastern  horizon  tinted 
Rainier's  top  with  molten  silver,  while  the  country  be- 
neath was  still  wrapped  in  shade  Not  many  mo- 
ments elapsed  till  the  adjacent  mountains,  Hood, 
Adams  and  St.  Helens,  one  by  one  in  order  named, 
donned  their  silvery  shields  like  mighty  giants  in 
battle  attitude,  defending  themselves  against  the  sun, 
their  common  enemy.  The  effect  at  this  time  was 
grand,  indeed,  the  heavy  rains  of  two  days  previous 
having  entirely  dissipated  the  smoke. 

Eastward  all  was  clear,  while  westward,  nearly  fif- 
teen thousand  feet  below,  the  valleys  and  lowlands 
were  hidden  beneath  billowy  clouds,  which,  like  the 
mountain  tops,  soon  turned  from  gray  to  shining 
silver. 

Soon  Sol's  rays  had  reached  the  western  horizon. 
Mountain  shadows  now  appeared  reaching ,  west- 
ward to  the  limit  of  our  vision  ;  the  jagged  edges 
resting  on  hills  and  plains  and  valleys  contributed  to 
a  changing  scene,  the  memory  of  which  will  last  so 
long  as  life  is  given. 

Our  selfish  aim  more  than  attained,  we  were  satis- 
fied and  determined  at  once  to  descend  to  earth,  from 
whence  we  came.  Our  determination  being  carried 
out,  we  reached  Hot  Springs  at  8  p.  m.,  and  Tacoma 
three  days  later. 

CHAS.  H.  GOVE, 

Of  Oregon  Alpine  Club. 


THEY  SIGNIFY. 


ADAMS,  MT.—  Called  by  Winthrop,  Tacoma  the 
Second  (1853).  Named  for  President  Adams. 

Indian  name  Pat-to,  signifying  high.  This  name 
was  applied  to  snow  caps  generally  by  the  Indians. 

BAKER,  MT.  —  Named  for  Lieut.  Baker  by  Vancou- 
ver, when  discovered  April  30,  1792. 

Called  by  Winthrop  (1853),  Kulshan;  possibly  the 
Indian  name. 

Referred  to  by  the  Spanish  as  Montana  del  Carmelo. 
Called  Mt.  Polk  by  the  Americans  (1846). 

BITTER  ROOT  RANGE.  —  Same  as  the  Creur  d'Alene 
mountains. 

COFFIN,  MT.—  Originally  used  as  an  Indian  bury- 
ing ground  and  named  by  Lieut.  Broughton  (1792), 

CASTLE  ROCK.—  Referred  to  by  Lewis  and  Clark  as 
Beacon  Rock  (1805).  Subsequently  called  Castle 
Rock,  because  of  its  appearance. 

CASCADES.—  Known  as  President's  Range  (1846). 
The  mountains  were  named  for  the  cascades  of  the 
Columbia  river. 

CAPE  HORN.—  So  named  because  of  the  difficulty 
experienced  in  doubling  it  (1812.) 


53 

GOAT  MOUNTAIN. — Called  Plas  (long  sound  of  a) 
by  the  Indians,  meaning  white.  So  called  because  of 
the  white  rocks.  Mountain  goats  formerly  abounded 
in  that  vicinity,  hence  the  present  name. 

HOOD,  MT. — Discovered  by  Broughton,  October  29, 
1792,  and  named  for  Lord  Hood  of  England.  General 
Indian  name,  Pat-to.  An  active  volcano  in  1846. 
Same  as  Mt.  Washington  of  the  Americans  (1846). 

JEFFERSON,  MT.— Discovered  by  Lewis  and  Clark 
and  named  for  President  Jefferson,  1806.  Same  as  Mt. 
Vancouver  of  the  British  (1846). 

MCLAUGHLIN,  MT.— Lat.  43°  3(K  Named  for  John 
McLaughlin  who  established  Vancouver,  introduced 
live  stock,  fruit,  vegetables  and  grain.  Same  as  Mt. 
Madison  of  the  Americans  (1846).  Sometimes  called 
Diamond  Peak. 

OREGON. — First  used  by  Capt.  Jonathan  Carver  in  a 
book  published  in  London  (1774).  The  name  ap- 
peared in  the  following  statement:  "  The  river  Bour- 
bon empties  itself  into  Hudson's  Bay;  the  waters  of 
St.  Lawrence;  the  Mississippi  and  the  river  Oregon,  or 
the  River  of  the  West,  that  falls  into  the  Pacific  ocean 
at  the  straits  of  Anian."  Numerous  theories  are  ad- 
vanced as  to  the  origin  of  the  name  with  Carver,  but 
nothing  conclusive  is  shown  on  the  subject.  The 
original  Oregon  embraced  an  uncertain  portion  of  the 
entire  Northwest  (1578),  called  by  the  British  New  Al- 
bion. One  portion  of  it  was  called  New  Georgia  (1792), 
and  another  (1806),  New  Caledonia  by  British  traders. 


54 

The  Spanish  government  designated  the  entire  coun- 
try (1790),  as  "The  Coast  of  California,  in  the  South 
Sea." 

OLYMPUS,  MT. — Was  discovered  by  Juan  Perez,  a 
Spanish  pilot,  and  called  El  Cero  de  la  Santa  Rosalia. 
Named  Olympus  by  Capt.  Hears,  July  4,  1788.  Same 
as  Mt.  Van  Buren  (1846). 

PUGET  SOUND. — Named  by  Vancouver  for  his  lieu- 
tenant, Peter  Puget,  the  discoverer,  May  19th,  1792. 
Known  among  the  Indians  as  Whulge,  also  as  K'  uk' 
lults. 

RAINIER,  MT. — Discovered  by  Vancouver  in  May, 
1792,  and  named  for  Rear  Admiral  Rainier  of  the 
English  navy.  Sometimes  called  Mt.  Tacoma.  Called 
Mt.  Harrison  by  the  Americans  (1846).  See  pages  55, 
57  and  59. 

ROCKY  MOUNTAINS. — Named  by  the  Verendrye 
brothers  (1742).  First  called  Stony  Mountains. 

SADDLE  MT. — Called  by  the  Indians,  "Swallala- 
hoost."  Named  by  Wilkes,  Saddle  Mountain  (1842), 
on  account  of  its  shape. 

ST.  HELENS,  MT. — Discovered  by  Broughton  of 
Vancouver's  party,  October  20,  1792,  and  named  in 
honor  of  His  Majesty's  ambassador  at  Madrid.  Known 
among  Americans  as  Mt.  Washington  (1846),  as  also 
Mt.  John  Adams.  Called  by  the  Indians  Lou-wala- 
clough,  meaning,  smoking  mountain. 

TILLAMOOK  HEAD. — (1806),  originally  spelled  Kil- 
lamook.  Lewis  and  Clark  refer  to  it  as  "Clark's 
Point  of  View. 

TACOMA,  MT. — See  Rainier,  also  pages  55,  57  and  59. 


U.  S.  INDIAN  SERVICE. 

NlSQUALLY  AND  SKOKOMISH  AGENCY,       ) 

TACOMA,  W.  T.,  Dec.  8,  1886.  j 
W.  G.  STEEL,  Portland,  Oregon  : 

DEAR  SIR: — I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge 
the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  Sept.  21st,  making  certain 
inquiries  about  the  change  of  the  name  of  Mt.  Rainier 
to  that  of  Tacoma.  Upon  careful  and  diligent  inquiry 
among  the  Puyallup  Indians,  I  find  the  following  to 
be  the  true  condition  of  things  : 

There  is  a  general  impression  that  the  name  Tacoma 
was  the  original  name  of  the  mountain  among  In- 
dians, and  that  it  signified  "nourishing  mother,"  and 
was  so  named  on  account  of  its  being  the  source  of  a 
number  of  rivers  which  head  there  and  flow  into  the 
waters  of  Puget  Sound.  This,  I  find  to  be  entirely 
erroneous.  The  Indian  word  is  Ta-ko-bet  or  Ta-ke- 
man,  the  first  being  the  most  general  pronunci- 
ation used  among  these  Indians,  but  both  words  are 
used,  being  the  different  pronunciation  used  by  the 
dialects.  It  means  a  white  mountain,  and  is  a  gen- 
eral name  for  any  high,  snow-covered,  or  white,  tree- 
less peak.  It  is  applied  to  this  mountain  by  the 
Indians  of  this  vicinity,  because  it  is  the  only,  or  most 
prominent  one  of  the  kind  in  the  vicinity.  They  use 


56 

the  word  as  we  would  speak  t)f  "The  White  Mount- 
ain," there  being  but  one  near  us  In  the  Skadgit 
language,  the  word  is  a  little  different,  and  is  there 
called  Ko-ma,  and  is  applied  by  these  Indians  to  Mt. 
Baker,  it  being  the  mountain  in  that  vicinity  of  the 
kind.  The  word  Syua-tach,  or  Squat-letsh,  is  a  gen- 
eral name  for  a  range  of  mountains,  while  Ta-ko-bet 
or  Ta-ko  man  or  Ko-ma  is  the  name  of  the  snow 
covered  or  white  peaks  in  the  range. 

This  information  I  have  gained  from  inquiry  of  the 
Indians  with  whom  I  have  come  in  contact  and  who 
live  near  here.  I  inclose  a  statement  written  out  by 
Rev.  Peter  Stanup,  an  educated  Indian  of  thePuy- 
allup  tribe,  and  who  is  unusually  well  informed  on 
such  matters. 

As  to  when  it  was  first  applied  and  by  whom  I  am 
not  so  well  advised;  but  from  what  I  do  know,  I  un- 
derstand that  it  was  first  applied  to  the  mountains  by 
the  whites  about  twelve  years  ago,  and  at  the  same 
time  that  the  town  of  Tacoma  was  laid  out  and  located 
by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  or  some  of 
its  attaches.  I  understand  that  the  attempt  was  made 
by  the  N.  P.  R.  R.  Co.  to  have  the  name  changed, 
and  that  it  still  makes  strenuous  efforts  to  do  so.  The 
people  of  the  town  of  Tacoma,  and  the  members  of  the 
Tacoma  Land  CompanyNas  well  as  the  R.  R.  Co., 
above  named,  all  try  hard  to  have  the  mountain 
called  by  that  name;  while  the  residents  of  the  other 
p  art  of  the  Territory,  west  of  the  Cascade  mountains 


57 

and  especially  of  Seattte,  are  very  much  opposed  to 
the  change,  and  continue  to  call  it  by  its  first  name.  I 
think  that  the  facts  are  that  the  name  Tacoma  is  an 
attempted  imitation  of  an  Indian  term  applied  to  any 
high,  snow-covered  peak,  but  which  was 'supposed  to 
be  the  special  name  of  this  peak,  because  generally 
used  by  the  Indians  of  this  vicinity,  and  that  it  was 
applied  to  this  mountain  at  the  time  the  town  of  Ta- 
coma was  located  and  named  by  the  N.  P.  R.  R.  Co., 
for  the  purpose  of  bringing  into  note  its  western 
terminus. 

Yours  Respectfully, 

EDWIN  EELLS, 

U.  S.  Indian  Agent, 


Statement  of  t^ev.  Pete*  Stanup. 


Ta-ko-manis  a  name  used  by  many  different  Indian 
tribes  of  this  Territory,  with  the  same  meaning  and  a 
slight  variation  of  pronunciation  by  each  different 
tribe.  It  is  the  name  or  word  from  which  Tacoma 
was  derived.  It  originated  among  the  inland  Indians. 
The  meaning  of  Ta-ko-man  is  a  high,  treeless,  white 
or  light  colored  peak  or  mound.  The  name  is  appli- 
cable to  any  peak  or  mound  as  described,  but  is  gener- 
ally used  for  one  that  is  distinguished,  or  highly 
honored.  And  Squa-tach,  to  climb,  and  Sba-date 
mountain,  are  mostly  used  for  all  mountains  and  peaks. 
The  individual  name  of  Mt.  Tacoma  is  Twhauk, 
which  was  derived  from  Twheque,  snow,  and 


58 

Swheque  ad.  Bright,  clear,  cloudless  sky.  Ta-ko-man 
is  mostly  used  for  the  Mt.  Tacoma,  as  it  is  held  with 
much  respect  and  esteemed  by  nearly  all  the  Indians 
of  the  Northwest.  The  reason  for  conferring  the 
great  honor  upon  Twhauk,  is  that  the  second  syllable 
kOj  means  water,  corresponding  with  the  water,  or 
little  lake  on  top  of  the  mountain,  and  also  in  that 
lake  is  a  great  abundance  of  valuable  shells,  from 
which  the  Indians  made  their  nose  and  ear-rings,  and 
other  valuable  jewelry. 


Of*  THE  riflJKE  "  TflCOJVIA. 


beautiful  name  of  the  city  whose  rapid  and 
x^/  marvellous  growth  and  development  have  been 
unparalleled  even  in  our  Western  civilization,  is  a 
pure  invention.  Its  very  euphony  divests  it  of  all 
claim  as  the  Indian  nomination  of  Old  Mount  Rain- 
ier, the  name  conferred  by  the  illustrious  circum- 
navigator, George  Vancouver,  borne  for  a  century 
upon  the  map  of  the  world. 

Tacoma  is  a  word  of  extremely  modern  origin, 
invented,  or  used  first  by  Lieut.  Theodore  Winthrop, 
U.  S.  Army,  in  his  readable  book— "Canoe  and  Sad- 
dle." The  writer  of  these  thoughts  first  heard  it  late 
in  the  "sixties,"  when  Capt.  D.  B.  Finch,  among  the 
pioneers  of  steam  navigation  on  Puget  Sound,  pre- 
sented a  building  in  Olympia  to  the  Good  Templars, 
and  his  gift  was  christened  "Tacoma  Hall."  Cotem- 
poraneously  Tacoma  City,  now  the  first  ward  of  Ta- 
coma, was  thus  named  by  some  Portland  town-build- 
ers— Gen.  McCarver,  Lewis  M.  Starr  and  James  Steel. 
The  then  leading  hotel  of  Olympia,  about  the  same 
time,  assumed  that  title  and  wore  it  for  several  years; 
but  a  whole  decade  passed  before  the  attempt  was 
made  to  obliterate  the  time-honored  name  of  the  great 
mountain  peak  of  Northwest  America,  conferred  at 
the  first  visit  of  white  men  to  Commencement  Bay  in 


1792.  Late  in  1878,  a  lithograph  map  and  bird's-eye 
view  of  the  embryo  city  of  New  Tacoma  was  pub- 
lished under  the  patronage  of  the  Tacoma  Land  Com- 
pany, entitled — "New  Tacoma  and  Mount  Rainier" — 
issued  in  1880.  At  that  date  the  name  "  Tacoma  "  ex- 
isted, but  it  was  not  applied  to  the  mountain;  nor 
was  it  even  dreamed  that  the  town  was  named  from 
the  Indian  name  of  the  mountain.  The  fact  is  that 
the  name,  "  Mount  Tacoma,"  has  been  recently  con- 
ferred on  the  mountain  by  white  men.  A  decade 
back,  the  name  will  not  be  found  on  the  maps  of 
Washington  Territory,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
attempt  to  obliterate  from  the  map  of  the  world  the 
name  conferred  by  that  Illustrious  contributor  to  ge- 
ographic science,  Captain  George  Vancouver,  R.  N., 
will  prove  unsuccessful. 

When.  Gen.  Hazard  Stevens,  and  that  splendid 
scholar  and  writer,  P.  B.  Van  Trump,  Esq.,  ascended 
the  grand  old  mountain,  the  pronunciation  and  spell- 
ing of  the  name  which  Gen.  Stevens,  in  his  narrative, 
ascribed  to  the  mountain,  was  still  unsettled.  .  He 
spelt  the  word  Te-ho-ma.  The  "h"  being  aspirated 
really  represents  an  Indian  guttural  grunt  without 
beauty  or  even  resolving  itself  into  a  well-defined  con- 
sonant. 

In  the  year  1882,  the  writer  was  invited  to  per- 
form the  role  of  orator  on  Independence  Day  at  the 
beautiful  settlement  called  Puyallup.  The  commit- 
tee coupled  with  the  invitation  the  expressed  desire 
that  the  theme  should  be  Puget  Sound  reminis- 


61 

cences — the  early  settlement  of  Pierce  county.  He 
adopted  as  a  starting  theme  the  thoughts  suggested 
by  the  words  "Tacoma"  and  "  Puyallup,"  or  their 
origin  thus  euphonized  into  household  words  of  sig- 
nificance and  anglicised  beauty,  bearing  but  little  re- 
semblance in  sound  to  the  half-uttered  nasal  grunts 
of  the  fish-eating  natives  of  Puget  Sound,  whose  syl- 
lables are  "  wiihout  form  and  void;"  their  language, 
if  such  it  be  considered,  acquiring  meaning  or  inten- 
sity of  signification  when  accompanied  by  panto- 
mimic motion,  speaking  far  more  than  all  their  syl- 
labic combinations.  Through  the  valued  assistance  of 
that  veteran  Indian  student  and  interlocutor,  John 
Flett,  some  twenty  aged,  prominent  Indians,  who 
would  not  deign  to  talk  other  than  their  own  dialect, 
who  despised  even  the  Chinook  Jargon,  but  adhered 
to  the  grunts  and  syllabic  utterances  and  the  panto- 
mime of  their  race  for  the  ages  before  the  advent  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  or  American  settlers, 
gathered  in  the  writer's  office  in  New  Tacoma,  as  the 
city  of  Tacoma  was  then  called,  and  seated  on  the 
floor  for  hours  discussed  what  they  called  the  mount- 
ains and  mountain  range,  its  surrounding  and  at- 
tributes. About  half  were  of  the  White  river  bands, 
those  who  originally  lived  on  the  sources  of  the 
streams  issuing  from  Mount  Rainier.  The  remainder 
were  Puyallups  and  'Squallys,  whose  original  haunts 
were  near  the  Sound.  The  form  was  to  put  the  wri- 
ter's question  or  wish  for  information  into  Chinook 
Jargon,  which  was  then  translated  into  the  Indian 


62 

dialect.  The  old  men  expressed  themselves  in  their 
native  utterances.  It  would  be  the  grossest  perver- 
sion to  call  their  answers  "words."  They  were  not 
so  couched-  at  best,  strong  syllabic  utterances — mere 
grunts,  at  times  which,  with  eloquent  pantomime,  as- 
sumed grand  and  eloquent  thought  and  meaning, 
when  translated,  to  give  just  expression  arising  to 
poetry  of  ideas,  but  as  a  language,  technically  so  con- 
sidered, poverty-stricken  to  the  greatest  degree,  and 
without  its  accompanied  earnestness  of  movement, 
without  a  single  attribute  of  beauty  or  euphonism. 

That  interesting  study  and  those  comparative 
views,  by  old  men  of  the  mountain  and  the  sea,  ex- 
tended through  hours ;  and  the  writer  will  never  forget 
the  eloquence  of  action  required  and  used  by  those  aged 
natives,  which  more  than  compensated  that  paucity 
of  syllables  or  words,  which  we  call  language.  No 
such  word  of  beauty  as  "Tacoma  "  could  possibly  be 
coined  by  them,  nor  result  from  any  combination  of 
their  uttered  but  significant  grunts,  their  attempted 
vocalization  of  thoughts  or  ideas.  True,  there  were 
syllabic  emissions  of  sound  which  might  be  resolved 
into  words  by  toning  down  grunts  and  inharmonious 
belchings  of  thoughts  rather  than  their  legitimate  ut- 
terances. The  manner  of  conducting  that  '  interview" 
was  the  assumption  that  the  word  "  Tacoma,"  or  some 
kindred  appropriate  word  identified  the  grand  old 
mountain  in  their  language;  in  other  words,  their  at- 
tention was  invited  to  the  fact,  that  our  people  had 
been  told  that  "Tacoma"  was  the  native  name  of 


the  mountain.  Then  began  the  expression  by  all, 
in  turn,  as  to  the  Indian  method  of  referring  to  great 
landmarks,  mountains  individual  and  in  range,  riv- 
ers', etc.,  when  talking  with  each  other.  Their  views 
on  the  information  communicated  found  expression 
in  several  varied,  combined  characteristic  grunts  and 
shrugs,  which  were  interspersed  with  some  analogous 
syllables  or  utterances  from  which  Indian  philolo- 
gists have  resolved  words,  some  of  which  have  more 
or  less  resemblance  to  some  of  the  syllables  em- 
braced in  the  word  Tacoma,  or  that  word  as  spelled 
by  different  writers.  They  then  detailed  their  rea- 
sons for  so  speaking  of  the  mountain  or  any  of  its 
natural  surroundings  or  physical  features.  In  that 
colloquy,  no  two  of  those  Indians  pronounced  the 
same  word  or  used  that  same  guttural  utterance  or 
combination  of  syllables.  All  were  especially  inter- 
rogated as  to  the  snow-capped  mountain.  All  gave 
the  meaning  or  idea  that  they  knew  as  to  the  cause 
for  a  name,  by  which  any  other  could  identify  it,  and 
the  significance  of  the  utterances  by  each  adopted 
in  referring  to  it. 

Each  band,  not  to  say  each  individual,  had  a  pe- 
culiar reason  for  his  name  of  it,  contingent  upon  color, 
shape  or  function.  In  that  interview,  the  literal 
translations  of  their  syllabic  combinations  appertain- 
ing more  or  less  in  sound  to  the  syllables  constituting 
the  name  Tacoma — Te-ho-ma,  Ta-ko-ber,  Tak-o-man, 
etc.,  as  rendered  by  the  venerable  John  Flett,  a  truth- 
ful, skillful  and  reliable  Indian  authority  was — "A 


64 

woman's  breast  that  feeds,"  a  "nourishing  breast." 
To  one  band,  the  shape  of  the  cone  suggested  the 
breast  shape  for  a  name  ;  to  another,  the  milky  white- 
ness was  a  reminder  of  the  source  of  nourishment ;  to 
another,  the  color  of  the  streams  which  flow  down 
from  the  mountain  in  the  annual  freshets,  gave  origin 
to  the  idea  of  the  generous  fountain  of  the  great  milk- 
white  breastnshaped  tentinel  for  ages  ;  while  the  Puy- 
allups  and  'Squallys,  more  practical  in  view,  associ- 
ated the  fact  that  from  the  mountain  rushed  the  tor- 
rents of  white  water,  resembling  milk,  which  fertilized 
the  valleys  of  Puget  Sound.  While  such  was  the  con- 
versation and  speech  of  those  old  patriarchs,  several  of 
whom  had  lived  to  become  octogenarians,  communi- 
cated as  above  stated,  the  writer  is  well  aware  that 
across  the  mountain  chain,  residing  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  mountain,  that  several  bands  of  the  Klikitat  na- 
tion attach  different  meanings  for  synonymous  sylla- 
bic combinations  approximating  in  sound  to  the  com- 
binations referred  to  used  by  Western  Washington 
bands,  with  shades  of  meaning  more  practical,  less 
figurative,  less  Indian;  but  the  writer  has  been  con- 
tent to  accept  as  authority,  at  all  events  so  far  as  the 
Aborigines  of  Western  Washington  are  concerned, 
the  result  of  the  conference  of  Indian  patriarchs  con- 
vened at  his  instance  in  1882.  While  that  conference 

v 

failed  to  establish  that  there  was  such  an  Indian  word 
as  "  Tacoma,"  or  that  these  Indians  had  any  distinct- 
ive Indian  names  for  "  Mount  Rainier,"  or  that  there 
was  any  recognized  Indian  name  known  to  the  sev- 


65 

eral  tribes  ;  yet,  the  different  bands  did  use  such  syl- 
labic utterancts,  by  which  they  refejred  to  the  moun- 
tain chain,  to  the  leading  mountain  of  the  chain. 
That  color,  shape,  and  attributed  function,  suggested 
such  expression,  and  that  the  combination  of  syllables 
which  have  been  so  euphoniously  metamorphosed 
into  the  beautiiul  woid  "Tacoma,"  \\hen  pronounced 
by  them  in  its  native  utterances,  meant  as  herein  ex- 
pressed. The  writer,  however,  finds  no  warrant  for 
adopting  Tacoma  as  an  Indian  word,  nor  does  he  be- 
lieve that  such  word,  or  its  approximate,  was  a  name 
conferred  by  Indians  upon  the  mountain,  or  exclu- 
sively recognized  as  the  name  of  the  mountain  by  the 
original  natives  of  this  region. 

ELWOOD  EVANS. 


liUB. 


The  Oregon  Alpine  Club  was  organized  iu  1887, 
and  incorporated  October  7th  of  that  year.  It  was 
originally  intended  merely  as  an  organization  among 
half  a  dozen  friends  who  were  in  the  habit  of  seeking 
adventure  and  recreation  in  the  mountains. 

After  considering  the  matter  for  a  time  a  meet- 
ing was  called,  and  more  persons  attended  than  were 
expected.  A  committee  was  appointed  on  rules,  the 
adoption  of  which  required  several  meetings,  so  that 
when  the  organization  was  completed  there  were  over 
seventy  charter  members  on  the  roll. 

The  institution  grew  and  its  objects  increased  until 
a  Scientific  Staff  was  formed  and  a  public  museum  be- 
came an  important  object.  Hon.  H.  W.  Corbett  was 
elected  President,  and  served  until  October,  1888,  when 
Hon.  D.  P.  Thompson  was  chosen.  Mr.  Thompson 
served  until  the  close  of  1889,  when  a  re  organization 


68 

was  effected,  as  outlined  by  the  subjoined  constitu- 
tions. Mr.  Geo.  B.  Markle  was  at  this  time  elected, 
and  is  now  the  very  efficient  President  of  the  Club. 
The  Alpine  Club  is  a  public  institution  and  is  dest  rv- 
ing  of  the  liberal  support  of  the  city  and  State.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  officials,  as  also  the  Constitutions 
of  the  Club  and  its  various  Departments: 


CONSTITUTION. 


OFFICERS. 

President,    -  -        GEO.  B.  MARBLE 

f  W.  G.  STEEL 

Vice  Presidents,  \   \V.  W.  BRETHERTON 

i 
(  JOHN  GILL 

Secretary,      -  GEO.  H.  HIMES 

Treasurer,  C.  M.  IDLEMAN 

ARTICLE  I. 

NAME. 

This  Association  shall  be  known  as  the  OREGON 
ALIINE  CLUB,  and  its  subdivisions  as  the  Depart- 
ments of  the  same. 

ARTICLE  II. 

OBJECT. 

The  object  shall  be  the  foundation  and  mainte- 
nance of  a  Public  Museum,  and  advancement  and 
encouragement  of  Amateur  Photography,  Alpine  and 
Aquatic  exploration,  and  the  protection  of  our  game, 
fish,  birds  and  animals. 

ARTICLE  III. 

SECTIONS. 

There  shall  be  Four  Departments,  namely,  (1)  Ex- 


70 

ploration  Department;  (2)  Photographic  Department; 
(3)  Game  Protective  Department;  and  (4)  Museum 
Department. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

OFFICERS. 

SECTION  1.  The  officers  of  the  Club  shall  Le  a 
President,  four  Vice  Presidents,  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer. 

SEC.  2.  The  Presidents  of  the  various  Departments 
shall  be  cx-ojfficio  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Club. 

ARTICLE  V. 

ELECTIONS. 

SECTION  1.  The  officers  shall  be  elected  by  ballot 
on  the  second  Friday  of  December  in  each  year,  a  ma- 
jority of  all  votes  cast  being  necessary  for  election; 
and  shall  hold  their  respective  offices  until  their  suc- 
cessors are  elected  and  qualified. 

SEC.  2.  Each  Department  shall  elect  its  own 
officers. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

The  duties  of  President,  Vice-Presidents,  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurershall  be  those  usual  to  such  officers. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

DIRECTORS. 

SECTION  1.  The  President,  Vice-Presidents  and 
four  members  shall  constitute  the  Board  of  Directors, 
who  will  be  the  managing  power  of  the  Club. 


71 

SEC.  2.  They  shall  employ  a  Curator  and  provide 
for  his  compensation. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

CURATOR. 

The  Curator  shall  be  a  taxidermist,  and  shall  have 
full  charge  of  the  Museum  and  other  property  of  the 
Club,  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  Directors. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

MEMBERSHIP. 

SECTION  1.  There  shall  be  three  classes  of  mem- 
bers, namely,  Active,  Associate  and  Honorary. 

SEC.  2.  An  active  member  is  one  who  has  signed 
the  Constitution,  paid  his  dues,  and  been  admitted  to 
any  of  the  Departments. 

SEC.  3.  An  Associate  member  is  one  who  has  not 
been  admitted  to  any  of  the  Departments. 

SEC.  4.  Any  person  may  become  an  Associate 
member  by  signing  the  Constitution  and  paying  his 
dues. 

SEC.  5.  Honorary  members  shall  be  entitled  to 
all  the  privileges  of  the  Club  except  voting.  Their 
names  shall  be  proposed  at  one  meeting  and  voted  on 
at  the  next,  three-fourths  of  all  votes  cast  being  neces- 
sary for  election. 

SEC.  6.  Any  member  may  be  expelled  by  a  two 
thirds  vote  of  the  members  present:  Provided,  That 
one  week's  notice  has  been  given  at  a  regular  meeting 


72 
ARTICLE  X. 

DUES. 

SECTION  1.  An  initiation  fee  of  two  dollars  shall 
be  charged  all  persons  joining  the  Club. 

SEC.  2.  The  dues  shall  be  six  dollars  a  year,  pay- 
able quarterly,  in  advance. 

SEC.  3.  Any  member  who  shall  fail  to  pay  his 
dues  for  six  consecutive  months,  shall  have  his  name 
stricken  from  the  roll,  and  be  considered  no  longer  a 
member:  Provided,  always,  One  month's  notice  has 
been  given  him  in  writing  by  the  Curator. 

ARTICLE  XL 

All  questions  in  dispute  between  the  Departments 
shall  be  referred  to  the  Directors  for  final  settlement. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

The  Oregon  Camera  Club  is  hereby  incorporated 
as  the  Photographic  Department  of  the  Oregon  Al- 
pine Club.  All  members  of  the  Oregon  Camera  Club 
in  good  standing,  becoming  members  of  the  Photo- 
graphic Department  of  the  Oregon  Alpine  Club,  on 
ratification  and  acceptance  of  this  article  by  the 
Camera  Club. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

AMENDMENTS. 

The  Constitution  may  be  amended  by  a  two-thirds 
vote  of  members  present:  Provided,  That  one  month's 
notice  has  been  given  in  writing,  at  a  regular  meet- 
ing, and  has  also  been  posted  in  the  Club  rooms  for 
one  month. 


EXPLORATION    DEPARTMENT. 
OFFICERS. 


President,        -  W.  G.  STEEL 

Vice  President,  -                                 EDWARD  CASEY 

Secretary,       -  -        M.  W.  GORMAN 

Treasurer,  -            DR.  WILLIS  I.  COTTEL 


CONSTITUTION. 
ARTICLE  I 

NAME. 

This  body  shall  be  called  the  EXPLORATION  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  THE  OREGON  ALPINE  CLUB. 

ARTICLE  II. 

OBJECT. 

To  encourage  the  exploration  of  mountains,  lakes 
and  rivers,  by  either  scientists  or  pleasure  seekers,  to 
foster  pleasure  outings  by  land  or  water,  to  award  ap- 
propriate prizes  for  meritorious  outfits  for  journeys  and 
cruises,  and  for  speedy  trips  on  land,  andswitt  cruises 
by  water;  and  to  conserve  the  handling  of  gun  and 
sail  as  an  accomplishment,  and  incidentally  to  en- 
courage canoeing  as  a  means  to  reach  wide  fields  for 
research  and  pleasure,  awarding  prizes  for  the  hand- 
ling of  the  same. 


74 
ARTICLE  III. 

OFFICKRS. 

The  officers  shall  be  a  President,  Vice  President, 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  whose  duties  shall  be  those 
usual  to  such  offices. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

MEMBERSHIP. 

SECTION  1.  No  one  shall  be  competent  for  mem- 
bership, except  members  of  the  Oregon  Alpine  Club. 

SEC.  2.  It  is  understood  that  when  ,the  member- 
ship of  any  person  ceases  in  the  Oregon  Alpine  Club, 
such  person  shall  cease  to  be  a  member  of  this 
Department. 

SEC.  3.  All  propositions  for  membership  shall  be  in 
writing. 

SEC.  4.  Every  name  submitted  for  membership, 
shall  be  proposed  at  one  meeting,  and  voted  on  by 
ballot  at  the  next,  two-thirds  of  all  members  present 
being  necessary  for  election. 

SEC.  5.  Any  member  may  be  expelled*for  conduct 
unbecoming  a  gentleman,  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the 
members  present:  Provided,  That  one  month's  notice 
has  been  given  at  a  regular  meeting. 

ARTICLE  V. 

DUES. 

SECTION  1.  An  initiation  fee  of  one  dollar  shall  be 
charged  all  members,  and  the  monthly  dues  shall  be 
twenty-five  cents  each,  payable  quarterly  in  advance. 


75 

SEC.  2.  Any  member  who  shall  fail  to  pay  his  reg- 
ular dues  for  six  consecutive  months,  shall  have  his 
name  stricken  from  the  roll,  due  notice  having  been 
given  him  by  the  Secretary. 

ARTICLE   VI. 

MEETINGS. 

SECTION  1.  Regular  meetings  shall  be  held  on  the 
second  Monday  evening  of  each  month,  at  such  hour 
as  shall  be  agreed  upon  from  time  to  time. 

SEC.  2.  Special  meetings  may  be  called  by  the 
President,  or  by  a  call  signed  by  five  members:  Pro- 
vided, That  such  a  call  shall  state  the  object  of  the 
meeting. 

SEC.  3.  An  annual  meeting  shall  be  held  on  the 
second  Monday  in  December  of  each  year,  for  the 
election  of  officers,  and  such  other  business  not  pro- 
vided for  herein. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

TRUSTEES. 

A  Board  of  five  Trustees  shall  be  chosen  at  the  an- 
nual meeting  each  year,  who  shall  have  the  general 
management  of  all  the  affairs  of  the  Department. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

QUORUM. 

Five  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum  competent 
to  transact  business. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

AMENDMENTS. 

This  Constitution  may  be  amended  by  a  two-thirds 


76 

vote  of  members  present:  Provided,  That  one  month's 
notice  has  been  given  in  writing  at  a  regular  meeting, 
and  a  copy  of  said  notice  posted  in  the  Club  room  for 
one  month. 


SAME  PROTECTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 


[Not  Organized.] 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  DEPARTMENT. 


OFFICERS. 


President,     -  W.  W.  BRETHERTON 

Vice  President,  -    H.  GOLDSMITH 

Secretary  and  Treasurer,  E.  E.  NORTON 


CONSTITUTION. 


ARTICLE  I. 

NAME. 

This  association  shall  be  known  as  the  PHOTO- 
GRAPHIC DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  OREGON  ALPINE 

• 
CLUB. 

ARTICLE  II. 

OBJECT. 

Its  object  shall  be  to  encourage  and  promote  practi- 
cal Photography,  and  to  invite  and  stimulate  dis- 
cussion and  investigation  of  all  that  pertains  to 
Photographic  science  and  art. 

ARTICLE  III. 

MEMBERSHIP. 

The  Department  shall  be  composed  of  such  mem- 
bers of  the  Oregon  Alpine  Club  who  practice 
Photography  as  amateurs,  as  shall  be  elected  there 
and  shall  be  known  as  active  members,  and  such 


80 

Honorary  and  Associate  members  as  shall  be  elected 
by  the  Department  from  the  members  of  the  Oregon 
Alpine  Club. 

Candidates  for  election  may  be  proposed  for  election 
at  one  meeting,  and  voted  on  at  the  same  meeting. 
All  applications  for  memb»  rship  shall  be  voted  on  by 
ballot,  and  it  shall  require  two-thirds  of  all  votes  cast 
to  elect  any  member. 

All  professional  Photographers  who  are  members  of 
the  Oregon  Alpine  Club  shall  be  eligible  as  Associate 
members,  and  shall  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of  the 
Department  except  the  right  of  vote  or  hold  office. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

OFFICERS. 

The  officers  of  the  Department  shall  be  a  Presideut, 
Vice- President,  one  or  more,  a  Secretary,  and  a 
Treasurer;  the  offices  of  Secretary  and  Treasurer  being 
held  by  one  member  if  so  desired  by  the  Department. 

ARTICLE  V. 

QUORUM. 

The  attendance  of  two  officers  and  three  or  more 
members  shall  be  necessary  to  constitute  a  quorum 
for  the  transaction  of  business,  but  the  constitution  or 
by-laws  shall  not  be  changed  except  at  a  meeting 
called  for  that  purpose  by  the  Secretary  and  by  a  vote 
of  two-thirds  of  all  votes  cast. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

ANNUAL  MEETING. 

The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Department  shall  be 


81 

held  on  the  third  Friday  of  January  in  each  year,  for  the 
election  of  officers  and  such  other  business  as  may  come 
before  the  meeting. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

MONTHLY   MEETINGS. 

The  monthly  meeting  of  the  Department  shall  be  held 
on  the  third  Friday  of  each  month. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

DUES. 

The  dues  of  the  Department  shall  be  $3.00  per  year, 
payable  to  the  treasurer  of  the  Department, 


OF 
O^EGOJ* 


HENRY  WINSLOW  COKBETT,  the  first  president  of  the 
Oregon  Alpine  Club  was  elected  immediately  after  its 
organization  and  served  until  the  close  of  1888.  He  was 
born  at  Westborough,  Mass.,  February  18th,  1827,  and 
came  to  Oregon,  via  Cape  Horn,  with  a  stock  of  general 
merchandise,  arriving  at  Portland,  March  4th,  1851.  In 
1866,  he  was  elected  U.  S.  Senator  and  served  six  years 
with  credit  to  himself  and  honor  to  his  State.  He  is  one 
of  the  wealthiest  and  most  influential  men  in  Oregon. 
The  following  in  reference  to  him  is  taken  from  the  His- 
tory of  Portland  : 

"In  person,  Mr.  Corbett  is  six  feet  high,  straight  and 
spare  in  figure,  but  symmetrically  formed.  Cautious, 
cool-headed  and  decided,  he  is  not  an  inviting  mark  for 
the  wiles  of  the  schemer  or  impostor,  but  he  is  thoroughly 
approachable,  respectful  and  considerate  toward  those 
whom  he  meets,  and  utterly  lacking  either  in  the  arro- 
gance of  small  greatness,  or  in  the  still  more  objectionable 
truckling  and  assumed  bonhommie  of  the  small  politician. 
He  is  thoroughly  dignified,  and  yet  his  manners  are  so 
unassumingly  easy  that  one  hardly  notices  them.  Indeed 
he  is  a  fine  type  of  that  well  approved  manhood  in  which 
courtesy,  kindness,  dignity,  culture,  honor  and  charity  are 
most  happily  blended.  To  these  excellences  can  be 


83 

added  unswerving  integrity,  honesty  of  purpose,  purity  of 
thought  and  act,  and  those  crowning  virtues  born  of  an 
ever  present  and  controlling  moral  sentiment.  His  career 
shows  what  can  be  accomplished  by  steady  and  quiet 
energy,  directed  by  sound  judgment  and  high  purpose. 
His  name  has  been  associated  with  numberless  successful 
enterprises,  but  not  one  failure,  and  he  is  justly  entitled 
to  a  foremost  place  among  those  who  have  created,  estab- 
lished and  maintained  the  commercial  and  industrial 
supremacy  of  Portland." 

"DAVID  P.  THOMPSON,  one  of  the  most  widely  known 
men  in  our  State,  was  born  in  Harrison  county,  Ohio,  in 
1834.  In  his  nineteenth  year  he  came  to  Oregon,  driving 
sheep  across  the  plains  and  walking  every  rod  of  the  way. 
Upon  his  arrival  at  Oregon  City  in  1853  he  took  a  job  of 
cutting  cordwood,  which  lasted  through  the  winter.  Soon 
after  he  entered  upon  the  profession  of  a  surveyor,  which 
he  followed  during  several  years.  In  pursuance  of  this 
business  he  acquired  an  unequaled  knowledge  of  the 
northwestern  country,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  his  pre- 
sent ample  fortune.  He  lived  at  Oregon  City  till  1876, 
when  he  removed  to  Portland.  In  1879,  and  again  in 
1881,  he  was  elected  mayor,  and  gave  the  city  a  vigorous 
and  efficient  administration.  Mr.  Thompson,  throughout 
his  whole  life,  has  been  noted  for  activity  and  energy. 
He  is  a  man  of  firm  and  positive  character,  tenacious  of 
his  purposes,  active  in  business  and  successful  in  his  un- 
dertakings. By  appointment  of  President  Grant  he  be- 
came governor  of  Idaho  Territory  in  1875,  but  resigned 
the  office  in  1876.  He  is  now  engaged  in  the  banking 
business  in  Portland." — (History  of  Portland, — Scott.) 
Mr.  Thompson  served  as  president  of  the  Alpine  Club  in 
1889. 


84 

MR.  GEORGE  B.  MARKLE  is  at  the  present  time  serv- 
ing as  president  of  the  Alpine  Club.  He  was  born  in 
Hazleton,  Lucerne  county,  Pennsylvania,  October  7th, 
1857,  and  came  to  Oregon  in  1886.  His  desire  to  locate 
in  the  west  led  him  to  make  a  tour  of  inspection,  which 
embraced  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  Utah,  California, 
Oregon  and  Washington.  A  careful  examination  of  all 
this  region  convinced  him  that  Portland  offered  the  best 
inducements  as  a  business  point,  combined  with  all  the 
advantages  of  an  old  settled  community,  and  in  the  fall 
of  1886  he  permanently  located  in  this  city.  He  immed- 
iately became  a  factor  in  the  busy  life  around  him,  and 
displayed  a  business  generalship  which  marked  him 
as  a  man  of  unusual  power,  and  gave  him  a  place  among 
the  foremost  business  men  ot  the  city  seldom  accorded  in 
any  community  to  one  of  his  years.  With  others  he 
organized  the  Oregon  National  Bank,  of  which  he  is 
vice  president;  also  the  Ellensburgh  National  Bank,  the 
Northwest  Loan  and  Trust  Company  and  the  Commercial 
Bank  of  Vancouver,  being  president  of  the  last  three  cor- 
porations named.  He  was  one  of  the  purchasers  of  the 
Multnomah  Street  Railway;  reorganized  the  company 
and  ever  since  has  been  its  president.  He  is  also  presi- 
dent of  the  Portland  Mining  Company,  owning  the  Sun- 
set group  of  mines  in  the  famous  Coeur  d'Alene  district. 
He  was  one  of  the  leading  spirits  in  organizing  the  great 
enterprise  of  the  North  Pacific  Industrial  Association  ; 
purchased  the  land  upon  which  to  erect  the  necessary 
buildings  and  secured  a  large  number  of  subscriptions  to 
its  capital  stock.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  spirits  in 
the  organization  of  the  Portland  Hotel  Company  and  is 
prominently  identified  with  many  other  enterprises. — 
(History  of  Portland,  -Scott.) 


1853— ADAMS,  MT.— Called  by  Winthrop,  "  Tacoma  the 
Second,"— (Canoe  and  Saddle,  page  48). 

1889— Called  by  the  Indians  "Pat-to,"  which  signifies 
standing  up  high.  With  the  Indians  this  was  a  general 
term  for  snow  capped  mountains. 

Located  in  latitude  46°  12 '  14.1 /x,  longitude  121°  31' 
08.3". 

1775— ADAMS  POINT— Discovered  by  Heceta  and  called 
Cape  Frondoso  (Leafy  Cape). 

1792— Capt.  Gray  subsequently  entered  the  river  and 
named  it  Point  Adams.— (Life  on  Puget  Sound,— Leighton, 
page  48.  Pacific  States,  vol.  22,  page  163). 

1792— ADMIRALTY  INLET. — Named  by  Vancouver  for 
the  Board  of  Admiralty.— (Life  on  Puget  Sound,  p.  155). 

1766-9— ALASKA.— Named  by  Russians.— (Willamette 
Valley,  page  62).  The  name  is  derived  from  a  Russian 
corruption  of  an  Aleutian  word,  "Alakshak,"  which  sig- 
nifies Continent,  or  a  large  country.  The  Russian  version 
of  the  term  was  "Aliaska,"  and  it  applied  only  to  the 
prominent  peninsula  jutting  out  from  the  continent. 
Made  a  general  term  by  the  United  States.— (Supplement 
to  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  vol.  1,  page  157). 

1507 — AMERICA. — First  applied  to  the  new  world  in  a 
work  entitled  "  Cosmographies  Instructio,  etc.,  in  super 
quatuor  Americi  Vespucii  Navigationes,"  written  by  Marti 


86 

Waldseemuller,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Hylacomylus 
and  printed  at  Saint  Die,  in  Lorraine. — (History  of  Ore- 
gon and  California, — Greenhow,  page  48). 

1808— AMERICAN  FUR  COMPANY  organized.— (Bur- 
rows' Oregon,  page  58). 

1846 — APPLEGATE,  or  SOUTHERN  EOUTE — Constructed 
by  Jesse  Applegate. — (Pacific  States,  vol  22,  page  642). 

1811 — ASTORIA  founded  by  John  Jacob  Astor,  April 
12. — (Encyclopedia  Britannica,  vol.  2,  page  737.  History 
of  the  Willamette  Valley,  page  153). 

1813 — Captured  by  the  English  and  name  changed  to 
St.  George. — (Burrows'  Oregon,  page  63). 

1818 — Repossessed  by  the  United  States. — (Burrows1 
Oregon,  page  65). 

1865  —  ATMOSPHERIC  RIVER  OF  HEAT.  —  General 
course,  effects,  etc. — (Miners  and  Travelers'  Guide, — Mul- 
ler,  page  61). 

1792— BAKER'S  BAY.— Named  by  Broughton  for  Capt, 
Baker,  of  the  brig  Jenny. — (Three  Years'  Residence  in 
W.  T.,  —Swan,  page  129). 

1792 — BAKER,  MT. — Named  for  Lieut.  Baker,  by  Van- 
couver, April  30. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  56). 

1853— Called  by  Winthrop,  "Kulshan,"  presumably 
because  of  being  the  Indian  name. — (Canoe  and  Saddle, 
page  47). 

1846-8— Same  as  Mt.Tolk.— (Oregon  and  California,— 
Thornton,  vol.  1,  page  256). 

1868 — The  summit  is  described  and  illustrated  in  Har- 
per's Monthly  for  November,  page  806,  by  E.  T.  Coleman. 

1869— Called  by  the  Spanish,  "  Montana  del  Carmelo." 
— (Life  on  Puget  Sound, — Leighton,  page  160). 


87 

1842-6— BARLOW  KOAD.— See  Indian  Trail. 

1851 — BATTLE  ROCK  at  PORT  ORFORD. — First  trip  from 
here  to  the  Willamette  Valley  (with  notes  by  a  partici- 
pant).— (Oregon  and  Washington, — Armstrong,  page  60). 

1792— BELLINGHAM'S  BAY.— Named  by  Vancouver. — 
(Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  214). 

1728— BEHRING  sent  out  by  Russia  on  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery.— (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  22). 

1865 — BITTER  ROOT  RANGE. — Same  as  the  Coeur  d'Al- 
ene  Mountains. — (Miners  and  Travelers'  Guide, — Mullan, 
page  63). 

1841— Blanchet,  Father.— Visited  by  Wilkes.— (Wilkes' 
Narrative,  vol.  4,  page  349). 

1775 — BODEGA,  DON  JUAN  DE  LA.— Sailed  north  to  58° 
and  returning  discovered  Bodega  Bay  in  38°  18X. — (His- 
tory of  Oregon, — Twiss,  page  57). 

BONNEVILLE.— Named  for  B.  L.  E.  Bonneville,  who 
explored  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  1832  and  visited  the 
Columbia  in  1834.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  568). 

1792— BROUGHTON,  LIEUT.  —  Entered  the  Columbia 
River,  October  20th,  and  was  surprised  to  find  the  brig 
Jenny,  of  Bristol,  Capt.  Baker,  lying  there  at  anchor. 
—(Three  Years'  Residence  in  W.  T.,— Swan,  page  129). 

1792 — BULFINCH'S  HARBOR. — Discovered  by  Captain 
Gray. — (Oregon  and  Its  Institutions,  — Hines,  page  15) 
See  also,  Gray's  Harbor. 

1543 — CABRILLO.— See  Viscaino. 

1775 — CAPE  DISAPPOINTMENT. — Discovered  by  Hec- 
eta,  August  15,  and  called  Cape  San  Roque.  Named  Dis- 
appointment by  Mears,  because  of  his  not  being  able  to 
make  the  entrance  of  the  river.— (Life  on  Puget  Sound, 
— Leighton,  page  48). 


1792 — Called  Cape  Hancock  by  Gray,  but  afterwards 
changed  upon  hearing  that  Mears  had  already  named  it. 
—(Three  Years'  Residence  in  W.  T.,— Swan,  page  129). 

1778 — CAPE  FLATTERY. — Named  by  Captain  Cook. — 
(Three  Years'  Residence  in  W.  T., — Swan,  page  120). 

1792 — CAPE  HANCOCK.—  See  Cape  Disappointment. 

1812— CAPE  HORN. — So  named  because  of  the  difficulty 
experienced  in  doubling  it.— (The  Columbia  River, — Cox 
vol.  1,  page  118). 

1766— CARVER,  CAPT.  JONATHAN. — A  resident  of  Con- 
necticut and  a  soldier  ot  the  Canadian  war.  Left  Boston, 
by  way  of  Detroit,  for  the  waters  of  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi, and  to  cross  the  continent.— (The  Oregon  Terri- 
tory,—Nicolay,  page  93). 

CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. — Named  for  the  Cascades  of  the 
Columbia  River.— (American  Cyclopedia,  vol.  4,  page  511. 
Fremont,  page  189). 

1846-8  —Same  as  President's  Range.— (Oregon  and  Cal- 
ifornia,— Thornton,  vol  1,  page  255). 

1805— CASTLE  ROCK,  called  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  Bea- 
con Rock.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  47). 

1852 — Coal  discovered  near  Seahome  by  Capt.  Pattle. 
— Harpers  Magazine  for  November,  1869,  page  795). 

1792— COFFIN,  MT.— Originally  used  as  an  Indian 
burying  ground,  and  discovered  by  Lieut.  Broughton. — 
(Vancouver,  vol.  3,  page  98. — Wilkes  Narrative,  vol.  4, 
page  319). 

1775— COLUMBIA  RIVER— First  discovered  by  Heceta, 
Augustl5. 


89 

Named  by  him  Emenada  de  Asuncion,  or  Assumption 
Inlet.  The  north  point  was  called  Cape  San  Roque,  and 
the  south,  Cape  Frondoso,  (Leafy  Cape).  In  the  chart 
published  in  Mexico  soon  after  the  conclusion  of  the 
voyage,  the  entrance  is,  however,  called  Ensenada  de 
ffeceta,  Hecta  Inlet;  and  Rio  de  San  Roque,  Eiver  of 
St.  Roc. 

While  in  command  of  the  sloop  Washington,  in  August, 
Capt.  Gray  discovered,  and  attempted  to  enter  this  open- 
ing, but  the  sloop  grounded  on  the  bar  and  came  near 
being  lost ;  and  was  also  attacked  by  Indians,  who  killed 
one  man  and  wounded  the  mate. 

Gray  was  shortly  afterward  transferred  to  the  Colum- 
bia, and  on  another  cruise  entered  the  river;  sailed  up  it 
about  twenty  miles,  and  bestowed  the  name  of  his  vessel 
upon  it. — ("three  Years'  Residence  in  W.  T.,  pages  124 
to  128.— Pacific  States,  vol.  22,  page  163.— American  Cy- 
clopaedia, vol.  5,  page  513). 

Many  works  published  before  the  discovery  refer  to  a 
river  flowing  westward,  as  "River  of  the  West,"  "River 
of  Aguilar,"  "River  Thegays."  — (History  oi  Oregon  and 
California, — Greenhow,  pages  144-5). 

180£ — Called  by  the  Indians  "Spocatilicum" — Friendly 
Water. — (Life  on  Puget  Sound,  — Leighton,  page  50). 
The  Indians  also  referred  to  it  as  Wahn-na,  or  Big  River. 

1816 — The  bar  was  first  surveyed  by  Capt.  McClellan, 
of  the  Col.  Allen.— (Pac.  States,  vol.  23,  page  266). 

1846 — Was  considered  accessible  for  vessels  only  three 
months  in  the  year. — (The  Oregon  Territory, — Nicolay, 
page  42). 

1853— COMCOMLI.— This  Indian  Chief  is  spoken  of  by 
Winthrop  as  one  Montgomery. — (Canoe  and  Saddle,  page 

77). 


90 

1841 — COMMENCEMENT  BAY. —  Named  by  Wilkes. 
(Wilkes'  Narrative,  vol.  4,  page  479). 

1778 — COOK,  CAPT. — Sailed  along  the  coast  and  sighted 
land  at  44°,  March  7. — (Oregon, — Moseley,  page  8. — His- 
tory of  Oregon  and  California, — Greenhow,  page  150). 

1779 — Murdered  by  natives  in  the  Sandwich  Islands 
February  16th. — (History  of  Oregon  and  California,  page 
157). 

CORVALLIS — Of  Spanish  derivation,  and  signifies  Cen- 
ter of  the  Valley.  Originally,  Marysville. — (Oregon  and 
Washington, — Armstrong,  page  18). 

1598 — D'AGUILAR,  MARTIN — See  Sebastian  Viscanio. 

1805 — DBS  CHUTES  RIVER — Called  by  Lewis,  "Towah- 
nahiooks,"  and  by  Gass,  "The  Kimmooenim.*' — (Pacific 
States,  vol.  23,  page  41). 

1775 — DISAPPOINTMENT,  CAPE.— See  Cape  Disap- 
pointment. 

1786 — DIXON  AND  POSTLOCK  were  sent  out  by  the 
King  Georges  Sound  Co.  of  London  and  arrived  at  Cooks 
River  in  July.— (History  of  Oregon,— Twiss,  page  61). 

1824— DOUGLAS,  DAVID— The  botanist  who  gave  his 
name  to  the  Douglas  pine  (Abies  Douglasii),  and  named 
over  one  thousand  plants,  was  sent  out  by  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society  of  London,  and  remained  ten  years. 
— (Pac.  States,  vol.  23,  pages  507-8). 

1579 — DRAKE,  SIR  FRANCIS — Sailed  along  the  coast. — 
(Oregon,— Moseley,  page  8.  History  of  Oregon  and 
California,  — Greenhow,  page  73). 

FALSE  DUNGENESS,  see  Port  Angeles. 


91 

1542— FURRELO,  BARTOLEME— Sailed  with  two  vessels 
to  41°  to  44°.— (History  of  Oregon,— Twiss,  pages  26  and 
27.  History  of  Oregon  and  California,— Greenhow,  page 
64). 

1576 — First  voyage  made  from  England  to  seek  a 
Northwest  Passage  was  made  by  Martin  Frobisher. — (His- 
tory of  Oregon  and  California, — Greenhow,  page  77). 

1793 — First  trip  to  the  Pacific,  overland,  was  made  by 
Sir  Alex.  Mackenzie,  who  reached  the  sea  at  52°  20'.— 
(History  of  Oregon, — Twiss,  pages  19  and  20). 

1806 — First  civilized  post, 'or  settlement,  west  of  the 
Eocky  Mountains  was  made  by  the  Northwest  Co.,  on 
Frazer  Lake  in  54°. — (History  of  Oregon, — Twiss,  page  21) 

1810 — First  settlement  attempted  and  first  house  in 
Oregon  built  by  Capt.  Winship  forty  miles  above  the  sea 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Columbia. — (Pac.  States,  vol. 
23,  page  133.  Oregon, — Moseley,  page  9). 

1814 — First  European  woman  on  the  Columbia  Eiver 
was  Miss  Jane  Barnes,  who  arrived  at  Astoria  on  the  Isaac 
Todd,  April  17th.— (Pac.  States,  vol.  23,  pages  250). 

1827. — First  fruit  tree  in  Oregon  was  planted  at  Van- 
couver by  John  McLaughlin,  who  also  introduced  live 
stock,  vegetables  and  grain. — (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page 
441). 

1836 — First  steamer  to  visit  Oregon  was  the  Beaver, 
from  England.— (Pac.  States,  vol.  23,  page  600). 

1598 — FLOREZ,  ANTONIO. — See  Sebastian  Viscanio. 

1812 — FRASER  KIVER — Known  among  the  Indians  as 
Tacoutche-Tesse. 

1793 — Supposed  by  Sir  Alex.  Mackenzie  to  be  the 
northern  source  of  the  Columbia. — (History  of  Oregon, — 
Twiss,  page  19.  Pacific  Coast,  vol.  22,  page  205). 


92 

Named  for  Simon  Fraser,  who  established  a  post  in  that 
region  in  1805. — (History  of  Portland, — Scott,  page  16). 

1713 — France  secretly  conveys  to  Spain  all  her  posses- 
sions west  of  the  Mississippi  River. — (Barrows'  Oregon, 
page  19). 

1800 — France  recovers  the  western  half  of  Louisiana 
from  Spain. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  20). 

1803. — France  sells  her  claims  to  the  United  States. — 
(Barrows'  Oregon,  pages  21  and  210). 

1843 — Fremont  follows  Whitman  to  Oregon,  arriving 
October  23.— (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  250). 

1786 — Fur  trade  opened  by  British  merchants  between 
Oregon  and  China. — (History  of  Oregon, — Twiss,  page  18). 

GOAT,  MOUNTAIN — Known  by  the  Indians  as  Plas, 
(white),  because  of  the  white  rocks. 

1792 — GRAY,  CAPT. — Explored  the  Columbia  river 
twenty-five  miles,  and  named  it. — (The  Oregon  Territory, 
— Nicolay,  page  39). 

1792— GRAY'S  BAY— Named  by  Broughton  for  Capt. 
Gray,  of  the  Columbia. — (Vancouver,  vol.  3,  page  92). 

1789— GRAY'S  HARBOR— First  called  Bulfinch  Harbor, 
but  changed  to  Gray's  Harbor  May  7th. — (Pacific  States 
vol.  22,  page  259). 

1791— GULF  OF  GEORGIA — Called  by  Don  Francisco 
Elisa,  "Canal  de  Nuestra  Senora  del  Rosary,"  or  The 
Channel  of  our  Lady  of  the  Rosary. 

1792 — Subsequently  named  by  Vancouver  in  honor  of 
the  king. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  170. — Life  on  Puget 
Sound,  page  154). 

1846-8— HARRISON,  MT.— See  Rainier. 


93 

* 
1771— HEARNE,  SAM'L— An  employee  of  the  Hudson 

Bay  Co.  succeeded  in  tracing  the  Coppermine  river  to  tide 
water  in  72°,  and  his  report  caused  the  Lords  of  Admi- 
ralty to  send  Capt.  Cook  to  the  Northwest  Coast. — (His- 
tory of  Oregon, — Twiss,  page  58). 

1775 — HECETA,  BRUNO — Left  San  Bias  for  America 
March  16th.  Passed  up  the  entire  coast  of  Oregon,  dis- 
covered the  Columbia  river. — (History  of  Oregon, — 
Twiss,  page  567.  Oregon, — Moseley,  page  8). 

1792— HOOD,  MT.— Discovered  by  Broughton  October 
29th,  and  named  for  Lord  Hood. — (Vancouver,  vol.  3, 
page  107. — N.  W.  Coast  of  America, — Franchere,  page 
112). 

1846-8 — Same  as  Mt.  Washington. — (Oregon  and  Cali- 
fornia,— Thornton,  vol.  1,  page  256). 

1846 — Said  to  be  in  a  state  of  eruption. — (Oregon  and 
California,  vol.  1,  page  336). 

1854 — Belden  claimed  to  have  ascended  it  in  October, 
and  reported  it  as  19,400  feet  high.  He  claimed  to  have 
ascended  as  high  as  possible  with  snowshoes,  then  with 
ice  hooks  and  spikes.  When  they  reached  a  point  some 
18,000  feet  high  respiration  became  very  difficult  owing 
to  the  rarity  of  the  atmosphere.  At  length  the  blood 
began  to  ooze  through  the  pores  of  the  skin  like  drops  of 
sweat ;  their  eyes  began  to  bleed,  then  the  blood  gushed 
from  their  ears.  Then  they  commenced  their  downward 
march.  At  the  point  where  they  commenced  the  ascent 
they  had  left  their  pack  mules,  and  two  men  to  guard 
them.  The  men  went  out  hunting,  and  when  they  re- 
turned found  that  the  cougars  had  killed  two  of  their 
mules. — (Oregon  and  Washington, — Armstrong,  page  38). 

(Lying  seemed  to  have  been  reduced  to  an  art  in  those 
days). 


94 

1864. — Ascended  by  Rev.  H.  K.  Hines  and  the  summit 
described.— (Oregon  and  its  Institutions,  —Hines,  page 
44). 

Known  among  Indians  as  Pat-to,  or  high  mountain. 
This  was  a  general  term  for  any  high  snow-capped  moun- 
tain. 

Located  in  latitude  45°  22'  24.3".  Longitude  121°  42' 
49.6". 

1792.— HOOD'S  CANAL.— Named  by  Vancouver  for 
Lord  Hood. — (Life  on  Puget  Sound,  page  155). 

1805.— HOOD  RIVER.— Called  by  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
La  Biche.— (Pac.  States,  vol.  23,  page  45). 

1670.— HUDSON  BAY  Co.— Chartered  May  16th.— (Bur- 
rows' Oregon,  page  33). 

1842-6.— INDIAN  TRAIL. — The  first  pass  over  the  Cas- 
cades used  by  whites  was  over  the  southern  flank  of 
Mount  Hood.  Near  it  was  afterwards  made  the  Barlow 
Eoad,  which  was  named  for  Barlow,  of  Barlow,  Palmer 
and  Rector,  who  were  compelled  to  abandon  'their  trains 
at  the  summit  and  were  rescued  by  a  relief  party  from 
the  Willamette  Valley.— (Pac.  States,  vol.  22,  page  645). 

1846-8.— JACKSON,  MT.— Same  as  Mt.  Pitt  of  the  Eng- 
lish. In  lat.  41°  40'.— (Oregon  and  California,  —Thorn- 
ton, vol.  1,  page  257.) 

1806. — JEFFERSON,  MT. — Named  by  Lewis  and  Clarke 
for  President  Jefferson.— (Pac.  States,  vol.  23,  page  61). 

1846-8.— Called  by  the  British,  Mt.  Vancouver.— (Ore- 
gon and  California,  — Thornton,  vol.  1,  page  257). 

Located  in  latitude  44°  40'  26.1".  Longitude  121°  48' 
59.9". 

1810-12. — JOHN  DAY. — A  Virginian,  accompanied  the 
Northwest  Co.  to  Astoria.  He  was  6  feet,  2  inches  in 
height.— (Pac.  States,  vol.  23,  page  179). 


95 

1805. — JOHN  DAY  RIVER. — Called  by  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  the  Lepage.— (Pac.  States,  vol.  23.  page  41). 

1841. — JOHNSON,  LIEUT. — Explores  the  Cascades  froui 
Puget  Sound.— (Wilkes'  Narrative,  vol.  4,  pages  418  and 
424). 

1787.— JUAN  DE  FUCA  STRAITS.— Discovered  by  Capt. 
Barclay,  of  the  Imperial  Eagle. 

1788.— The  entrance  was  explored  by  Capt.  Meares,  in 
the  Felice,  and  named  by  him.— (History  of  Oregon, — 
Twiss,  p.  19.— Pac.  States,  vol.  22,  page  197). 

1805 — KLICKITAT  RIVER — Called  by  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
Cataract  River.— (Pacific  Stales,  vol.  23,  page  45). 

1833 — KELLY,  HALL  J. — First  called  attention  to  the 
feasibility  of  settling  the  Pacific  Coast  by  overland  emi- 
gration. Arrived  at  Vancouver  this  year. — (Pacific  States, 
vol.  23,  page  549). 

1841— LAVA  formation  limited  to  48°  N.— (Wilkes' 
Narrative,  vol.  4,  page  457). 

1792 — LEDYARD  leaves  Paris  for  America,  under  the 
direction  of  Jefferson,  to  discover  the  River  of  the  West, 
but  is  stopped  by  the  Russians.— (Miners'  and  Travelers' 
Guide, — Mullan,  page  53). 

1834 — LEE,  REV.  JASON — Established  the  first  Mission 
in  the  Willamette  valley,  ten  miles  below  the  present 
Salem.— (History  of  the  Willamette  Valley,  page  208). 

1840 — Established  a  Methodist  Mission  at  the  Willa- 
mette Falls.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  607). 

1805-6 — LEWIS  AND  CLARKE — Spent  the  winter  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia.— (Oregon,— Moseley,  page  8). 


96 

LEWIS  RIVER— The  North  Fork  was  known  among 
Indians  as  Wicht,  and  was  considered  the  main  river. 
The  South  Fork  was  known  as  Wa-co-ko,  a  Pike,  (fish); 
also  Yac-co,  for  Yac-co  prairies,  near  Mt.  St.  Helens. 

1789. — MACKENZIE  RIVER.— Named  for  Alexander 
Mackenzie. — (ZelFs  Encyclopedia,  vol.  2,  page  264). 

1793.— MACKENZIE,  SIR  ALEX. — Reached  the  Pacific 
overland,  July  22. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  34). 

1812.— MCKENZIE,  DONALD.— Explored  the  Willa- 
mette Valley  one  hundred  miles  or  more. — (Pac.  States, 
vol.  23,  page  195). 

1818.— McKenzie  established  Ft.  Walla  Walla.— (Pac. 
States,  vol.  23,  page  273). 

1825. — MCLAUGHLIN,  JOHN. — Established  Fort  Van- 
couver, introduced  live  stock,  fruit,  vegetables,  grain,  etc. 

Took  possession  of  Willamette  Falls.— (Pac.  States,  vol. 
23,  pages  441  and  505). 

MADISON,  MT.— Is  the  Mt.  McLaughlin  of  the  British. 
Lat.  43°  30'.— (Oregon  and  California,— Thornton,  vol. 
1,  page  257). 

MARY'S  RIVER  — Named  for  an  Indian  woman,  wife  of 
a  white  man,  who  had  great  trouble  in  making  the  cross- 
ing. Afterwards  applied  to  Mary's  Peak,  because  the 
river  rises  there. — (Oregon  and  its  Institutions, — Hines, 
page  22). 

1788.— MEARES,  CAPT.— Reached  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  without  discovering  it,  July  6th. — (History  of 
Oregon, — Twiss,  page  95). 

1840.— MEEK,  JOE.— Arrived  in  the  Willamette  Val- 
ley.—(Pac.  States,  vol.  23,  page  456). 


97 

1846. — MODOC  LAKES. — Discovered  by  Jesse  Apple- 
gate.— (Pac.  States,  vol.  22,  page  G42). 

1823.->-MoNROE  DOCTRINE  proclaimed.— (Burrows' 
Oregon,  page  24). 

1-846-8.— MONROE,  MX.— Same  as  Mt.  Shasta.— (Ore. 
and  Cal.,— Thornton,  vol.  1,  page  257). 

1853.— NACHESS  PASS.— 5000  feet  above  sea  level.— 
(Narrative  of  1855,— Stevens,  vol.  1,  page  259). 

1792. — NEAH  BAY. — Called  by  Vancouver,  Poverty 
Cove,  and  by  the  Spaniards,  Port  Nunez  Gaona. —  (Three 
Years'  Residence  in  W.  T., — Swan,  page  119). 

1579. — NEW  ALBION. — Named  by  Drake,  who  was 
crowned  by  the  natives  as  their  king. — History  of  Oregon 
and  California, — Greenhow,  page  73;  also,  page  53  Moun- 
tains of  Oregon.) 

1792.  —NEW  DUNGENESS, — Named  by  Vancouver  for 
Dungeness,  in  the  British  Channel,  because  ofthe  similar 
appearance. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  55). 

1883. — NICKEL  DEPOSIT  in  Douglas  County. — (Mineral 
Eesources  of  the  U.  S.,— Williams,  page  403). 

1778. — NOOTKA  SOUND. — Discovered  by  Capt.  Cook, 
and  named  King  George's  Sound,  then  changed  by  him 
to  Nootka. — (Voyages  of  Capt.  Cook,  vol.  2,  page  270.) 

1790. — NOOTKA  TREATY.— Formed  between  .Spain  and 
England. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  14). 

1818.— NORTHERN  BOUNDARY  of  the  U.  S.  located  at 
49°  due  west  to  the  Kocky  Mountains. — (Burrow's  Ore- 
gon, page  54.) 

fi 


1843.— NEZ  PERCES.— Pierced  Nose.— (Fremont,  page 
181). 

1834.— NUTTALL  AND  TOWNSEND,  scientists,  arrived  at 
Fort  Vancouver  with  Wyeth. — (Pac.  States,  vol.  23,  page 
577). 

1792— OAK  POINT.— Named  by  B»oughton  because  of 
finding  the  first  oak  trees  there.— (Vancouver,  vol.  3,  page 
100). 

1788— OLYMPUS,  MT.— Named  by  Capt.  Meares,  July 
4th.  Discovered  by  Juan  Perez,  a  Spanish  pilot,  and 
called  El  Cero  de  la  Santa  Rosalia.— (Narrative  of  1853, 
vol.  1,  page  262). 

1774— OREGON.— First  used  by  Capt.  Jonathan  Caiver. 
—(History  of  the  Willamette  Valley,  page  73.  See  also 
page  53,  Mountains  of  Oregon). 

1846— Bounded  on  the  north  by  the  49°,  on  the  east  by 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the  south  by  the  42°,  and  on  the 
west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. —  (Oregon  and  California, — 
Thornton,  page  251). 

1846 — Northern  boundary  first  settled  by  treaty,  July 
17. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  282). 

1871-2— Northern  boundary  finally  settled  by  arbitra- 
tion.— (Barrows'  Oregon,  pages  56  and  318). 

1874- -Once  inhabited  by  a  great  number  and  variety 
of  pre- Adamite  beasts.— (The  Columbia  River  and  Puget 
Sound, — Nordhoff,  Harper's  Magazine  for  February,  page 
344). 

1818— Occupied  jointly  by  the  United  States  and  Eng- 
land for  ten  years. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  55). 

1859 — Admitted  to  the  Union  with  present  limits,  Feb- 
ruary 14th. — (Zell's  Encyclopedia,  vol.  2,  page  527.  Hill's 
Annotated  Laws  of  Oregon,  vol.  1,  page  77). 


99 

1792 — ORFORD,  CAPE. — Named  by  Vancouver  for  Earl 
(George)  Orford. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  23). 

1812-13— PACIFIC  FUR  COMPANY.— The  plot  to  rob 
Astor  shown  up  by  an  Englishman. — (History  of  Ore- 
gon, — Twiss,  page  24). 

1513 — PACIFIC  OCEAN. — Discovered  by  Vasco  Nunez 
de  Balboa,  governor  of  the  Spanish  colony  of  Darien,  and 
named  by  Fernando  Magalhaens,  or,  Magellan,  a  Portu- 
gese in  the  naval  service  of  Spain,  because  of  being  so 
little  disturbed  by  storms.  Spoken  of  as  "  Mar  del  Sur." 
— (History  of  Oregon  and  California, — Greenhow,  pages 
48  and  78.  Barrows'  Oregon,  page  2). 

1835 — PARKER,  REV.  SAMUEL. — Sent  to  Oregon  by  the 
American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions. — (Oregon  and  Cal- 
ifornia, vol.  2,  page  22). 

1745— PARLIAMENTARY  GRANT.— £20,000  voted  by 
the  House  of  Commons  for  the  discovery  of  a  northwest 
passage  by  a  British  vessel. — (History  of  Oregon, — Twiss, 

page  58). 

? 

1774  —  PEREZ,  JUAN.  —  Anchored  in  Nootka  Sound. — 
(History  of  Oregon, — Twiss,  page  55). 

1846-8— PITT,  MT.— Called  at  one  time  Mt.  Jackson. 
(Oregon  and  California,  — Thornton,  vol.  1,  page  257). 

1792 — POINT  ADAMS.— See  Adams'  Point. 

POINT  DE  LOS  REYS. — Named  by  the  Spaniards. — (Van- 
couver, vol.  2,  page  413). 

1791  —  PORT  ANGELES. — Named  by  Don  Francisco 
Elisa,  the  Mexican.  Called  by  Vancouver  False  Dun- 
geness,  because  of  a  similar  appearance  to  New  Dun- 
geness.— (Life  on  Puget  Sound,  page  153). 


100 

1792— PORT  DISCOVERY.  —Named  by  Vancouver,  for 
one  of  his  ships. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  66). 

1841— PORT  GAMBLE.— Named  by  Wilkes  for  Gamble, 
a  U.  S.  Naval  officer.— (Narrative  of  1853,  vol.  1,  page 
284). 

1869— Known  among  Indians  as  Teekalet.— (Life  on 
Puget  Sound,  page  156). 

1842— PORTLAND.— Established  by  A.  L.  Lovejoy  and 
F.  W.  Pettygrove,  and  name  agreed  upon  by  tossing  up  a 
cent.— (Portland  City  Directory  for  1872,  page  10). 

1786— PORTLOCK,  CAPT.— See  Dixon  and  Portlock. 

1841  —  PORT  LUDLOW.  — Surveyed  by  Wilkes,  and 
named  for  Ludlow,  a  U.  S.  Naval  officer.— (Narrative  of 
1853,  vol.  1,  page  283). 

1792— PORT  To  WNSEND.— Visited  by  Vancouver,  May 
8th,  and  named  in  honor  of  the  Marquis  of  Townshend, 
who  signed  Vancouver's  instructions.  The  h  was  subse- 
quently dropped.  —  (Life  on  Puget  Sound,  page  155). 
Stephens'  Narrative  of  1853,  vol.  1,  page  283.  Van- 
couver, vol.  2,  page  76). 

1853 — Known  among  Indians  as  Kahtai. — (Canoe  arid 
Saddle,  — Winthrop,  page  11). 

1854— Surveyed  by  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey.— (Stevens' 
Narrative  of  1853,  vol.  1,  page  283. 

1792 — POSSESSION  SOUND. — So  named  by  Vancouver, 
because  he  landed  there  on  King  George's  birthday,  and 
took  possession  of  the  country. — (The  Oregon  Territory, — 
Nicolay,  page  53. — Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  170). 

1792  —  PUGET  SOUND.  —  Discovered  by  Vancouver's 
lieutenant,  Peter  Puget,  and  so  named  by  Vancouver 
May  19th. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  146. — Narrative  of 
1853,  vol.  1,  page  289). 


101 

1853 — Known  among  Indians  as  Whulge. — (Canoe  and 
Saddle, — Winthrop,  page  11;  also  among  Klalams  as 
K'uk'-luts  page  43). 

1792— PROTECTION  ISLAND.  —  Named  by  Vancouver 
because  of  its  advantageous  location  with  reference  to  the 
harbor. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  67). 

1787— QUEEN  CHARLOTTE  I  s  L  A  N  D  s.— Named  by 
Dixon.— (Encyclopaedia  Brittanica,  vol.  20,  page  170). 

1789— Capt.  Gray  sailed  round  it  and  named  it  Wash- 
ington, for  his  sloop.— (Backwoods  of  Canada  and  Oregon 
Territory, — Nicolay,  page  38). 

1786— QUEEN  CHARLOTTE  SOUND.— Named  by  Wedg- 
boro  in  August. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  308.) 

1841 — RAINIER  AND  ST.  HELENS  in  activity. — 
(Wilkes  Narrative,  vol.  4,  page  440). 

1792— RAINIER,  MT.— Discovered  by  Vancouver  on 
May  8th  and  named  for  Rear  Admiral  Rainier  of  the 
English  Navy. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2,  page  79). 

1843 — An  active  volcano,  November  13. — (Fremont, 
page  193). 

1846-8 — Also  known  as  Mt.  Harrison. — (Oregon  and 
California, — Thornton,  vol.  1,  page  257.  See  pages  54, 
55  and  59.  Also  Tacoma). 

ROCK  CREEK,  near  Mt.  St.  Helens,  known  among 
Indians  as  "Cut-to"  (a  sort  of  guttural  sound  on  first 
syllable),  which  means  "swift  stream." 

1742-3 — ROCKY  MOUNTAINS. — Named  by  Verendrye 
Brothers.— (History  of  the  Willamette  Valley,  page  70). 

1798 — RUSSIAN  AMERICAN  FUR  Co.  given  exclusive 
privileges. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  23). 


102 

1821 — RUSSIA  claims  by  public  decree  all  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  north  of  latitude  51°.  This  claim  was  disputed  by 
the  U.  S. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  24). 

1812 — Russians  established  at  Bodega  Bay. — (Barrows' 
Oregon,  page  23). 

1820 — Russians  establish  a  fort  forty  miles  north  of  Bo- 
dega Bay. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  23). 

1766 — Russian  Fur  Companies  organized  to  operate  in 
America. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  23). 

1824 — Russia  withdraws  to  54°  40'. — (Barrows'  Oregon, 
page  25). 

1824 — Russia  withdraws  from  California  at  the  request 
of  the  U.  S. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  26).  f 

1697— RYSWICK  TREATY  FORMED.— (Barrows'  Oregon, 
page  1.  American  Cyclopedia,  vol.  14,  page  245). 

1842 — SADDLE  MOUNTAIN.— Called  by  the  Indians 
"Swallalahoost."  Named  by  Wilkes,  "Saddle  Mountain." 
— (Oregon  and  Its  Institutions,  — Hines,  page  21). 

1805— SANDY  RIVER.— Called  by  Lewis  &  Clarke, 
"Quicksand  River."— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  48). 

1741 — ST.  ELIAS,  MT. — Discovered  by  Behring,  July 
18th.— (History  of  the  Willamette  Valley,  page  58). 

1792 — ST.  HELENS,  MT. — Named  by  Vancouver  for 
His  Majesty's  embassador  at  Madrid,  October  20. — (Van- 
couver, vol.  2,  page  399). 

1831 — In  a  state  of  eruption. — (Oregon  and  California, 
—Thornton,  vol.  1,  page  256). 

1843— In  activity  November  13.— (Fremont,  page  193). 

1846 — Known  among  Americans  as  Mt.  Washington. — 
(The  Oregon  Territory,— Nicolay,  page  10  9). 

1843 — Described  when  in  a  state  of  eruption. — (History 
of  Oregon, — Wilkes,  page  109). 


103 

1846-8— Known  also  as  Mt.  John  Adams. — (Oregon  and 
California,  — Thornton,  vol.  1,  page  256). 

1852-4 — An  active  volcano. — (Three  years'  residence  in 
W.  T.,  Swan,— page  395.  Canoe  and  Saddle,  page  48). 

Known  among  Indians  as  aLou-wala/-clough,"  meaning 
Smoking  Mountain. 

Located  in  latitude  46°  llx  52.3".  Longitude  122°  12' 
37/x. 

1805— SATJVIES  ISLAND.— Called  by  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
Wapato  Island,  because  of  an  abundance  of  wapatos  found 
there.  It  subsequently  acquired  its  name  from  Jean 
Baptiste  Sauve,  a  French  Canadian,  who  established  a 
dairy  there  after  the  abandonment  of  Ft.  William. — 
(Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  pages  48  and  598). 

SEATTLE. — Named  for  an  Indian. — (Harper's  Monthly 
for  September,  1870,  page  490). 

1846— SHASTA,  MT.— Called  Pitt  by  the  English,  Jack- 
son and  Monroe  by  [the  Americans,  and  Shasta  by  the 
trappers. — (The  Oregon  Territory,  — Nicolay,  page  109). 
(Oregon  and  California, — Thornton,  vol  1,  page  257). 

1788 — SHOALWATER  I  AY. — Discovered  and  named  by 
Captain  John  Mears,  July  5th. — (Mears'  Voyages,  vol.  1, 
page  263). 

1852 — First  surveyed  by  Lieut.  Com.  Alden. — (Narra- 
tive of  1853,  vol.  1,  page  263). 

1792 — SKAGIT  HEAD. — Named  by  Vancouver. — (Life 
on  Puget  Sound,  page  156). 

1836.— SLA  CUM,  WM.  A.— An  agent  of  the  State 
Department,  in  the  guise  of  a  private  citizen,  visited  the 
Columbia  and  Willamette  Rivers. — (Pacific  States,  vol. 
23,  page  602). 


104 

SPAIN'S  FIRST  CLAIM  TO  OREGON.— (Barrows'  Oregon, 
page  12). 

1795. — Spain  withdraws  from  Oregon. — (Barrows'  Ore- 
gon, page  14). 

Spaniards  coveted  a  position  in  the  East  Indies,  but  the 
Bull  of  Pope  Alexander  III  precluded  them  from  sailing 
eastward,  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  hence  their 
attempts  to  go  by  way  of  the  Pacific. — (History  of  Ore- 
gon,— Twiss,  page  50). 

1800. — Spanish  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi  con- 
veyed to  France. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  210). 

1814. — Spanish  claims  conceded  to  the  United  States 
through  France  and  acknowledged  by  Great  Britain. — 
(Barrows'  Oregon,  page  208). 

SPELYAH  PRAIRIE. — An  Indian  name,  meaning  Cayote. 

SPIRIT  LAKE.— Near  Mt.  St.  Helens.  Indian  name, 
Che-wa-tum,  meaning  Spirit. 

1499-1500.— STRAITS  OF  ANIAN.— Supposed  to  have 
been  discovered  by  Gaspar  Cortereal,  who  explored  the 
coasts  of  Labrador,  and  named  by  him.  The  name  pos- 
sibly signifies  Brother.  Cortereal  had  two  brothers  with 
him.  In  the  earliest  maps  the  northwest  part  of  America 
is  called  Ania.  Ani,  in  the  Japanese  language,  signifies 
Brother. — (History  of  Oregon  and  California, — Green- 
how,  page  47). 

1592. — Purchas  claimed  in  the  seventeenth  century,  in 
his  "Pilgrims" — a  narrative — that  a  Greek  pilot,  called 
Juan  de  Fuca,  in  the  service  of  the  Spaniards,  had  in- 
formed Michael  Lock,  the  elder,  whilst  he  was  sojourning 
at  Venice,  that  he  had  dicovered  (1596)  the  outlet  ot  the 
Straits  of  Anian,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  between  47°  and 


105 

48°,  and  had  sailed  through  it  into  the  North  Sea. — (His- 
tory of  Oregon, — Tvviss,  page  18. — History  of  Oregon 
and  California, — Greenhow,  page  87). 

1841. — SUNKEN  FOREST  in  the  Columbia  described. — 
(Wilkes'  Narrative,  vol.  4,  page  381. — Burnett's  Kecollec- 
tions  of  a  Pioneer,  page  136. — The  Oregon  Territory, 
Nk'olay, — page  137. — Fremont,  page  195). 

1841. — SURVEY  OF  PUGET  SOUND  finished. — (Wilkes' 
Narrative,  vol.  4,  page  479). 

TACOMA,  MT. — Ta-ho-ma  is  the  Indian  name  for  the 
Great  Spirit  who  dwells  on  the  mountains.  —  (George 
Baily.  in  the  Overland  Monthly  for  Sept.,  1886,  page  268). 

1853 — Called  by  the  Indians,  Tacoma,  a  generic  term 
also  applied  to  all  snow  peaks. — (Canoe  and  Saddle, — 
Winthrop,  page  44). 

TACOMA  THE  SECOND. — See  Mt.  Adams. 

Tamanous  is  the  name  of  the  Great  Spirit  supposed  to 
dwell  on  this  mountain. — (Canoe  and  Saddle,  page  131). 
Tacoma  the  Less  — (Canoe  and  Saddle,  page  280).  Each 
fiery  Tacoma. — (Canoe  and  Saddle,  page  286).  The  erup- 
tions of  the  Tacomas. — (Canoe  and  Saddle,  page  287). 
Tacoma,  the  Nourishing  Breast.  Tahoma,  almost  to 
Heaven. — (Life  on  Puget  Sound, — Leighton,  page  39). 
Red  Tamahnous,  Love. — (Life  on  Puget  Sound, — page  41), 
Black  Tamahnous,  Hate,  Anger. — (Life  on  Puget  Sound, 
page  114). 

1841— TENINO  MOUNDS— Described. —(Wilkes'  Nar- 
rative, vol.  4,  page  415). 

i 

1848-9— TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT.— Granted,  cov- 
ering all  the  original  Oregon. — (Barrow's  Oregon,  page 
335.  Encyclopaedia  Brittanica,  vol.  17,  page  825.  Gen- 
eral Laws  of  Oregon,  page  52). 


106 

THE  DALLES. — Stone  pavement,  or  trough,  or  gutter. — 
(Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  44). 

1788 — TILLAMOOK  BAY. — Known  as  Murderers'  Har- 
bor and  Quicksand  Bay.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  22,  pages 
188  and  198). 

1806— TILLAMOOK,  ORKILLAMOOK  HEAD.— Called  by 
Clarke,  Clarke's  Point  of  View.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  22, 
page  164,  and  vol.  23,  page  58). 

1792— TONGUE  POINT.— Named  by  Broughton.— (Van- 
couver, vol.  3,  page  86). 

1805— Called  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  William.— (Pacific 
States,  vol.  23,  page  53). 

1834 — TOWNSEND,  JOHN  K. — A  member  ot  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Natural  Science,  arrived  at  Van- 
couver with  Wyeth,  Sept.  16th. — (Townsend's  Narrative, 
page  169.  Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  577). 

TROUT  LAKE.— Near  Mt.  St.  Helens.  Known  among 
Indians  as  Qual-i'-as,  meaning  Troul. 

1806— UMATILLA  EIVER. — Called  by  the  Indians, 
"Youmalolam."— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  64).  Named 
for  the  Umatilla  tribe  of  Indians. 

1832 — UMPQUA  FORT. — Built  by  John  McLeod  for  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Co.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  521). 

1792 — UNITED  STATES'  CLAIMS  TO  OREGON. — 1st,  right 
of  discovery ;  2d,  by  the  Louisiana  purchase ;  3d,  by  prior 
explorations ;  4th,  by  prior  settlements. — (Barrows'  Ore- 
gon, pages  213,  216,  217  and  219). 

1713 — UTRECHT  TREATY. — Between  France  and  Eng- 
land.— (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  18). 


107 

1846-8 — VAN  BUREN,  MT. — Same  as  Olympus. — (Ore- 
gon and  California, — Thornton,  vol.  1,  page  257). 

1826 — VANCOUVER,  FORT. — Established  by  John  Mc- 
Laughlin,  and 

1849 — As  a  United  States  military  post. — (Pacific  States, 
vol.  23,  pages  437  and  439). 

1792 — VANCOUVER  ISLAND. — Named  by  Vancouver, 
Quadra  and  Vancouver  Island.  —  (Vancouver,  vol.  2, 
page  357). 

1598 — VJSCAINO,  SEBASTIAN. — Reached  a  headland  at 
42°  to  which  he  gave  name  of  Cape  Sebastian.  The 
smallest  of  his  three  vessels,  however,  conducted  by  Mar- 
tin d'Aguilar  and  Antonio  Florez,  doubled  Cape  Mendo- 
cino  and  reached  43°  where  they  found  the  mouth  of  a 

1543 — River  which  Cabrillo  has  been  supposed  to  have 
discovered. — (History  of  Oregon, —  Twiss,  page  53). 

1818— WALLA  WALLA,  FORT.— Established  by  Mc- 
Kenzie.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  273). 

1805 — WAPATO  ISLAND. — See  Sauvie's  Island,  also — 
(Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  593). 
WASCO.— Horn  Basin.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23.  page  44). 

1853 — WASHINGTON  TERRITORY  formed  March  2d. — 
(American  Cyclopedia,  vol.  12,  page  560.  Zell's  Encyclo- 
paedia, vol.  2,  page  527). 

1805  — WASHOUGAL  RIVER.  —  Called  by  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  Seal  River.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  48). 

1792 — WHIDBY'S  ISLAND. — Named  by  Vancouver  for 
one  of  his  officers  who  explored  it. — (Vancouver,  vol.  2, 
page  180). 


108 

1805— WHITE  SALMON.— Called  Canoe  River  by  Lewis 
and  Clarke. — (Pacific  States,  vol.  23.  page  45). 

1836 — WHITMAN,  DR.  MARCUS,  arrived  at  Vancouver 
in  September. — (History  of  the  Willamette  Valley,  page 
213). 

1842 — Started  on  his  famous  ride  to  Washington,  Octo- 
ber 3d,  to  prevent  our  government  from  abandoning  Ore- 
gon.—(Barrow's  Oregon,  page  166). 

1843 — Saved  by  a  mule. — (Barrows'  Oregon,  page  170). 

1843 — Returns  from  Washington,  September 4th,  accom- 
panied by  200  wagons  and  875  immigrants. — (Barrows' 
Oregon,  page  250). 

1847 — Murdered  by  the  Indians  in  November. — (Bar- 
rows' Oregon,  page  320). 

1841 — WILKES,  CHARLES,— DRAYTON,  R.  R.  Waldron 
and  two  other  men  visited  the  Willamette  Valley  on  a 
scientific  campaign. — (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  673. 
Wilkes'  Narrative,  vol.  4,  page  341). 

1829— WILLAMETTE  FALLS  taken  possession  of  by 
McLaughlin,  and  a  saw  mill  established. — (Pacific  States, 
vol.  23,  page  505). 

1806— WILLAMETTE  RIVER.— Part  of  it  called  by  the 
Indians  Multnomah.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  60). 

1843 — WINDS,  peculiarity  of,  in  the  Columbia  River. — 
(Fremont,  page  190). 

1834— WORK,  JOHN.— explored  the  Umpqua  region. — 
(Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  527). 

1832.— WYETH,  NATHANIEL  J.— Arrives  at  Vancouver. 

1834 — Arrives  there  second  time,  September  16th.  Es- 
tablished Fort  William  and  a  Salmon  fishery  on  Wapato 
Island  on  his  second  trip. 


109 

1837 — Returns  to  Oregon  again  and  sells  Forts  William 
and  Hall  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Co. — (Pacific  States,  vol. 
23,  pages  564,  592,  594  and  598). 

YAQUIXA  BAY — Probably  named  for  Yaquina,  a  female 
Indian  chief. — (Life  on  Puget  Sound,  page  174). 

1805— YODNG'S  BAY.— Called  by  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
Meri wether  Bay.— (Pacific  States,  vol.  23,  page  54). 

1792— YOUXG'S  RIVER.— Named  by  Broughton  for  Sir 

George  Young  of  the  Royal  Navy. — (Vancouver,  vol.  3, 
page  90). 


IflDEX. 


A  Barnes,  Miss  Jane,  91. 

Adams,  C.  F.,  3-Mt.,  40,  47,   51,  »attle  R°ck'  8J- 

50    85  Beacon  Rock,  52,  88. 

Admiralty  Inlet,  85.  Beaver,  Steamer,  91. 

Alaska,  85— Alakshak,  85— Alias-  Behrmg,  87,  102. 

ka    85  Belden,  93. 

Alden,  Lieut.  Com.,  103.  Bellingham's  Bay,  87. 

America,  85,  95.  Bitter  Root  Range,  52,  8  < . 

American  Bd.  of  Frn.  Msns.,  89-  ^"chel,  Father    87o* 

Fur  Co     86  Board  of  Admiralty,  85. 

Ania   104  Bodega,  Bay,  87,  102. — Don  Juan 

Applegatei   Jesse,  86,  97,— Route,        de  la' .£7' 

86    s  Bonneville,  B.  L.  E-,  87. 

Astoria,  86.  Bourbon  River,  53. 

Astor,  John  Jacob,  86.  Breck,  J.  M.  Jr.,  3. 

Atmospheric,  River  of  Heat,  86.  Bretherton   W.  W.    69   79 

Broughton,  Lieut. ,52,  53,  54,  86, 
B  87,  88,  92,  93,  98,  106,  1O9. 

Baker,  Capt.,  86,  87.— Lieut.,  52,  Bulfinch's Harbor,  87,  92. 
86.— Mt.,  40,  42,  52,  56,  86. 

Baker's  Bay,  86.1  c 

Barclay,  Capt.,  95.  Cabrillo,  87.  1O7. 

Barlow,— Palmer  and  Rector,  94.  California,  21,  40,  84,  1O2. 

—Road.  87.  Canal  de  Nuestra  del  Rosary,  92. 


110 


Cape  Disappointment,  87,  90. 

Cape  Flatter}',  88. 

Cape  Frondoso,  85,  89. 

Cape  Hancock,  88. 

Cape  Horn,  52,  82,  88. 

Cape  Mendocino,  107, 

Cape  San  Roque,  87.  89. 

Cape  Sebastian,  107. 

Canoe  River    108. 

Carver,   Capt,  Jonathan,   53,   88, 

98. 
Cascade  Range,  3,  6,  21,  52,   56, 

88,  94,  95. 

Cascades  of  the  Columbia,  88. 
Casey,  Edw.,  73. 
Castle  Rock,  52,  88. 
Cataract  River,  95. 
Cathedral  Rock,  21. 
Clark's  Point  of  View,  54,  106. 
Cleetwood,  18,  19,  22,  23    24— 

Cove,  25. 

Coast  of  Cal.  in  South  Sea,  54. 
Cceur  d'Alene  Mts.,  52. 
Coffin,  Mt.,  52,  88. 
Coleman,  E.T.,  86. 
Columbia  River,  3,   7,  8,  52,  87, 

88,  91,  92,  93,  95,  96,  103 
Comcomli,  89. 
Commencement  Bay,  59,  90. 
Cook,  Capt.,  88,  90,  93,  97. 
Cooks  River,  90. 
Coppermine  River.  93. 
Corbett,  Hon.  H.  W.,  67,  82, 
Cortereal,  Caspar,  104. 
Corvallis,  90. 

Cosmographiae  Instructio,  85. 
Cottel,  Dr.  Willis  I.,  73. 
Crater  Lake,  12,  13,  15,  17,  18, 

25,29,  31,  32.  33, 
Cutto,  101. 

D 

d'Aguilar,  Martin,  90,  107. 
Davev,  Allen,  15. 
Davidson.  Elijah,  35. 
Davis,  Capt.  Geo.  W.,  17,  18,  25. 
Day,  John,  94.— River,  95. 
de  Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez,  99. 
Deep  Blue  Lake,  13. 
Deschutes  River,  90.  . 

Dewert,  E.  D.,  34,  36. 
Diamond  Peak,  54. 
Dixon,  90,  100,  101. 
Dodd,  Mr.,  13. 
Douglas,  David,  90. 
Drake,  Sir  Francis,  90. 
Durham,  N.  W.,  3. 
Dutton,  Capt.,  C.  E-,  17,  18,  25.— 

Cliff,  25.  28,  30. 


Eels,  Edwin,  57. 

El  Cero  de  la  Santa  Rosalia,  54, 

98. 

Elisa,  Don  Francisco,  92,  99. 
Ensenada  de  Asuncion.  89. 

"   Heceta,  89. 
Evans,  Elwood,  65. 
Exploration  Department,  71  - 


False  Dungeiiess,  90,  99. 
Felice,  The,  95. 
Finch,  Capt.  D.  B.,  59. 
Flett,  John,  61,  63. 
Florez  Antonio,  91,  107, 
Fraser  River,  91.— Simon,  92. 
Frazer  Lake,  91. 
Fremont,  92. 
Frobisher,  Martin,  91. 
Furrelo,  Bartoleme,  91. 


Game  Protective  Department,  77. 

Gill,  John,  69. 

Goat  Mountain,  53,  92. 

Goldsmith,  H.,  79. 

Gorman,  M.  W.,  73. 

Gove,  Chas.  H.,  3,  51. 

Government  Camp,  4,  6,  9. 

Grant's  Pass,  34,  39. 

Gray  Capt.,  85,  87,  88,  89,  92, 

101. 

Gray's  Bay,  92.— Harbor,  92. 
Gulf  of  Georgia,  92. 


Hall,  Fort,  109. 

Harkness,  H.  D.,  M.  M.,  and  F. 

M.,  34. 

Harrison,  Mt.,  54,  92, 101. 
Hearne,  Saml.,  93. 
Heceta,  87,  88,  93. 
Hermann,  Hon.  Binger,  17. 
Hillman,  j.  W.,  13. 
Himes,  Geo.  H..  69. 
Hines,  Rev.  H.  K.,  94. 
Hood,  Lord,  53,  93.  94.— Mt.,   3, 

7,  10,  33,  40,  41,  45,  47,  51, 

53,  93,  94.— River,  94. 
Hood's  Canal,  94. 
Hudson's   Bav,  53.— Co.,    61,    93, 

94,  106,  109. 
Hylacomylus,  86. 


Idleman,  C.  M.,  69. 
Imperial  Eagle,  The,  95. 
Indian  Trail,  94. 
Ingram,  Prof,  49. 
Isaac  Todd,  The,  91. 


Jack,  Capt.,  41. 

Jackson,  Mt.,  94,  99,  103. 

Jefferson,  95.— Mt.    6,  7,  40,  53, 

94. 

John  Adams,  Mt.,  54,  103. 
Johnson,  Lieut. ,95. 
Josephine  County  Caves,  34. 
Juan  de  Fuca,  95,  104. 


Kahtai,  1OO. 
Keene,  Dr.  J.  M.,  3,  6. 
Kelly,  Hall  J.,  95. 
Killamook  Head,  54,  106. 


Ill 


Kimmooenim,  9O. 

King   George's    Sound,    97. — Co., 

90. 
Klamath,    Ft.,   12.— Indians,   12, 

15,  16,  17.— Lake,  21. 
Klickitat  Indians,  64.— River,  95. 
Koma.  56. 
Kukluts,  54. 
Kulshan,  86. 

It 

La  Riche.  94. 

Lake  Majesty,  13. 

Ledyard,  95. 

J.ee^  Rev.  Jason,  95. 

Lepage,  The.  95. 

Lewis  &  Clarke,   52.  53,  54,  88, 

94,    95.    102,    103,    106,    1O7, 

108,  109. 
Lewis  River,  96. 
Llao   Rock,  14,  21.    24,  25,    3O, 

31,  32. 

Lock  Michael,  1O4. 
Longmire,  44,  48. 
Louden,  James,  13. 
Lords  ot  Admiralty,  93. 
Louisiana,  92. 
Louwalaclough,  54,  103. 
Lovejoy,  A.  L-,  1OO. 
Ludlow,  100. 


Mackenzie,    Sir    Alex.,    91,   96.— 

River,  96. 

Madison,  Mt,  53.  96. 
Magalhaens,  Fernando,  99. 
Mar  del  Sur,  99. 
Markle.  Geo.  B.,  68,  69,  84. 
Mary's  Peak.  7,  96.— River,  96. 
Marysville,  90. 
McCarver,  Genl.,  59. 
McClellan,  89. 

McKenzie,  107,— Donald,  96. 
McLaughlin,    John,   53,    91,    96, 

107,  108.— Mt.,  7,  53,  96. 
McLeod,  John,  106. 
McMaiius,  Pat..  13. 
Meares,  Capt.,  54,  87,  88,  95,  96, 

98,  103. 
Meek,  Joe,  96. 
Me.riwether  Bay,  109. 
Mill  Creek,  27. 

Mississippi  River,  53,  92,  104. 
Modoc  Lakes,  97. 
Monroe    Doctrine,     97.— Mt.     97, 

103. 

Montana  del  Carmelo,  52,  86. 
Montgomery,  89. 
Murderer's  Harbor,  106. 
Multnomah,  1O8. 
Mysterious  Lake,  13. 

N 

Nachess  Pass,  97. 

Nea  Bay,  97. 

New  Albion,  53,  97. 

"    Caledonia  53. 

'     Dungeness.  97,  99. 

'     Georgia,  53. 


New  Taconia,  6O,  61. 

Nez  Perces,  98. 

Nichols,  J.,  43,  44,  48. 

Nickel  deposit,  97. 

Nicolini,  S.  S.,  34. 

Nootka    Sound,   97,   99.— Treaty, 

97. 

Northern  boundary  of  U.  S.,  97. 
Northwest  Co.,  91,   94.— Passage, 

91,  99. 
Norton,  E.  E-,  79. 


Oak  Point,  98". 

Olympus,  Mt.,  54,  98,  107. 

Oregon,  3.  40,  54,  82,  83,  84,  91, 

92,  93,   98. -Alpine   Club,   40, 

49.  51.  67,  69,  82. 
Orford,  99. 

P 

Pacific  Fur  Co.,  99. — Ocean,  99. 
Paradise  Valley,  45. 
Parker,  Rev.  Saml.,  99. 
Parliamentary  Grant,  99. 
Pattle,  Capt.,  88. 
Patto,  52,  85,  94. 
Perez.  Juan,  54,  98.  99. 
Pettygrove,  F.  W.,  1OO. 
Phantom  Ship.  29. 
Photographic  Department.  79. 
Pitt.  Mt.,  21,  40,  94,  99,  103. 
Plas,  53,  92. 
Point  Adams,  8,  85.  99. 

"     de  los  Reys,  99. 
Polk,  Mt.,  52,  86. 
Pope,  Alexander  III,  1O4. 
Port  Angeles,  99. 

"     Discovery,  100. 

"    Gamble.  1OO. 
Portland,   3,  4,   7,   8.  17.  19,  32, 

34,  49,  59,  82,  83,  1OO. 
Portlock,  Capt.,  91.  100. 
Port  Ludlow.  100. 
'     Nunez  Gaona.  97. 

"     Townsend,  1OO. 
Poverty  Cove,  97. 
Possession  Sound,  100. 
President's  Range.  52,  88. 
Protection  Island.  101. 
Puget,     Peter     54.    100. -Sound, 

54,    55,     59,    60,    61,    64,   95, 

100. 

Purchas,  104. 
Puvallup,   6O.— Indians,    55,    56, 

61,  64. 

Q 

Quadra   and  Vancouver's   Island > 

107. 

Qualias,  106. 
Queen   Charlotte  Islands.   101. — 

Sound.  1O1. 
Quicksand  Bay,  106,— River,  102. 


Rainier,  Mt,.  40,  43,  51.  54.  55> 
59.  60,  61.  64,  101.— Rear  Ad- 
miral, 54,  101. 


River  Aguilar,  89. 

'     ofthe  West,  53,  89,  95. 
"     Thegays.  s'.). 
Rio  de  San  Roque,  89. 
Rock  Creek.  1O1. 
Rocky  Mountains,  54,  91,  101. 
Rogue  River,  27.— Falls,  27. 
Ross,  Geo.,  13. 

Royal  Hort.  Soc.  of  London,  90. 
Russian  American  Fur  Co.,  101. 
Ryswick  Treaty,  102. 


Saddle  Mountain,  54,  102 

San  Bias.  93. 

Sandy  River,  102. 

Sauvie,  Jean  Baptiste,  103.— Is- 
land, 1O3,  107. 

Sba-date,  57. 

Scott,  Mt,,  21. 

Seaborne,  88. 

Seal  River,  1O7. 

Seattle,  57,  103. 

Shasta,  Mt.,  31,  33,  40,   97,   103. 

Shoalwater  Bay,  103. 

Siskivou  Mountains,  34. 

Skaglt,  56,  103. 

Skeeters,  Isaac,  13. 

Slacum,  Wm.  A.,  103. 

Spelyah  Prairie,  104. 

Spirit  Lake,  104. 

Spocatilicum,  89. 

Squallys,  61,  64. 

Squatach,  56,  57. 

Squat-utsh,  56. 

Stanup,  Rev.  Peter,  56,  57. 

Starr  Lewis  M.,  59. 

Steel,  James,  59. 

Steel,  W.  G.,  55,  69,  73. 

St.  EHas,  Mt.,  1O2. 

Stevens,  Gen.  Hazard,  60. 

St.  George,  86. 

St.  Helens,  Mt..  4  0,  47,  51,  54, 
101,  1O2,  1O6. 

St.  Lawrence  River,  53. 

Stony  Mountains,  54. 

Straights  of  Anian,  53,  104. 

Sunken  Forest.  105. 

Survey  of  Puget  Sound,  105. 

Swallalahoost,  54,  102. 


Tacoma.  43,  51,  55,  56,  57,  59, 
60,  61,  62,  63.  64,  1O5,— The 
Less,  1O5.— The  Second,  52,85, 
105.— Mt.,  54,55.  58,  6O,  105. 
—Land  Co.,  56,  60.— Ta-ho-ma, 
105.— Ta-ke  man,  55.— Ta  ko- 
ber,  63.— Ta-ko-bet,  55,  56.— 
Ta-ko-man,  56,  57,  58,  63.— 
Tamanous,  105.  —  Te-ho-m  a 
6O,  63,  64.— Twheque,  57.— 
Twhauk,  57,  58. 

Tacoutche,  Tesse,  91 . 

Teekalet,  100. 

Tenino,  1O5. 

The  Dalles,  106. 

Thielsen,  Mt.,  21. 


Thompson,  Hon.  D  P.,  67,  S3. 
Three  Sisters,  7,  4O. 
Tillamook  Head,  54,  106. 
Tongue  Point,  106. 
Towahnahiooks,  90. 
Townsend,  John  K.,  98,  1O6. 
Tovvnshend,  Marquis,  100. 
Trout  Lake,  106. 

U 

Umatilla  River,  1O6. 
Umpqua,  108.— Fort,  1O6. 
U.  S.  Claims  to  Oregon,  106. 
Utrecht  Treaty,  106. 

V 

Van  Bureii,  Mt.,  54,  107. 

Vancouver,  Capt.,  52,  54,  59,  60, 
85,  86,  89,92,  94,  97,  99,  100, 
101,  102,  103,  107.— Fort,  9, 
53.91,  95,  96,  98.  107,  108.— 
Island,  107. -Mt.,  53,  94. 

Van  Trump,  P.  V..  48,  60. 

Verendrye  Brothers,  54,  101. 

Vidae  Cliff   29. 

Viscaiiio,  Sebastian,  107. 

W 

Wacoko,  96. 

Wahnna,  89. 

Waldscemuller,  Marti,  86. 

Waldron,  R.  R.,  108. 

Walla  Walla,  Fort.  96,  107. 

Wapato  Island,  103,  1O7,  108. 

Wasco,  107. 

Washington,  40,  84,  101,  107.— 

Mt.,  7,  32,  53,  54, 102.— Sloop, 

89. 

Washougal  River,  107. 
Wedgboro,  101. 
Whidby's  Island,  107. 
White  River  Indians,  61. 
Whitman,  92,  108. 
White  Salmon,  108. 
Whulge,  54,  101. 
Wicht,  96. 

Wilkes,  54,  90,  100,  102,  108. 
Willamette,  7,  94,   95,   96,    103, 

108. 
William,    106.— Fort,   103,    108, 

109. 

Williams  Creek,  35. 
Winship,  Capt.,  91. 
Winthrop,  Theodore,  52,  59,  86. 

89. 

Witches  Cauldron,  13,  21. 
Wizard  Island,  13,  21,  27. 
Work,  John,  108. 
Wyeth,    Nathaniel    J.,   98,    106, 

108. 

Y 

Yacco,  96. 
Yaquina  Bay,  109. 
Yelm,  43. 
Yocum,  O.  C.,  3. 
Youmalolam,  1O6. 
Young's  Bay,  109.— River,  109. 
Young,  Sir  George,  1O9. 


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